The current study explored whether fathers and mothers from 195 two-parent U.S. families engaged in a form of activation parenting (i.e., sensitivity, cognitive stimulation, and moderate intrusiveness) with their secondborn, 12-month-old infants during a 15-min challenging teaching task, and to determine if this type of interaction was more common among fathers. Mean comparisons showed that fathers were lower on sensitivity, positive regard, and stimulation of development, and were more detached than mothers. Latent Profile Analyses revealed similar supportive, disengaged, and activation parenting profiles for fathers and mothers, with more fathers in the activation class. Chi-square analyses found significant associations across mothers and fathers; most infants (30%) had activation fathers and mothers, with 26% having supportive mothers and activation fathers, and 11.4% having two supportive parents. Parenting profiles were unrelated to attachment security. Results need to be replicated with children of different ages, with families from different backgrounds, and beyond the challenging teaching paradigm.

中文翻译：

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第四章：寻找父婴互动关系：以人为中心的方法。

当前的研究探讨了来自美国195个双亲家庭的父母是否在15分钟的挑战中与他们的第二胎，12个月大的婴儿进行了激活育儿（即敏感性，认知刺激和中度侵入性）的形式教学任务，并确定这种互动方式在父亲之间是否更为普遍。均值比较显示，父亲在敏感性，积极性和发展刺激方面较低，比母亲更独立。潜在特征分析显示，父亲和母亲的支持，脱离和激活育儿特征相似，激活类别中有更多父亲。卡方分析发现，母亲和父亲之间存在显着的关联。大多数婴儿（30％）的父亲和母亲处于活跃状态，其中26％的父母有抚养母亲和父亲，而11.4％的父母有两个抚养父母。育儿资料与附件的安全性无关。结果需要与不同年龄的孩子，来自不同背景的家庭以及具有挑战性的教学范式一起复制。