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Advancements (and challenges) in the study of protein crystal nucleation and growth; thermodynamic and kinetic explanations and comparison with small-molecule crystallization
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials ( IF 5.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2020.100484
Christo N. Nanev

Abstract This paper reviews advancements and some novel ideas (not yet covered by reviews and monographs) concerning thermodynamics and kinetics of protein crystal nucleation and growth, as well as some outcomes resulting therefrom. By accounting the role of physical and biochemical factors, the paper aims to present a comprehensive (rather than complete) review of recent studies and efforts to elucidate the protein crystallization process. Thermodynamic rules that govern both protein and small-molecule crystallization are considered firstly. The thermodynamically substantiated EBDE method (meaning equilibration between the cohesive energy which maintains the integrity of a crystalline cluster and the destructive energies tending to tear-up it) determines the supersaturation dependent size of stable nuclei (i.e., nuclei that are doomed to grow). The size of the stable nucleus is worth-considering because it is exactly related to the size of the critical crystal nucleus, and permits calculation of the latter. Besides, merely stable nuclei grow to visible crystals, and are detected experimentally. EBDE is applied for considering protein crystal nucleation in pores and hydrophobicity assisted protein crystallization. The logistic functional kinetics of nucleation (expressed as nuclei number density vs. nucleation time) explains quantitatively important aspects of the crystallization process, such as supersaturation dependence of crystal nuclei number density at fixed nucleation time and crystal size distribution (CSD) resulting from batch crystallization. It is shown that the CSD is instigated by the crystal nucleation stage, which produces an ogee-curve shaped CSD vs. crystal birth moments. Experimental results confirm both the logistic functional nucleation kinetics and the calculated CSD. And even though Ostwald ripening modifies the latter (because the smallest crystals dissolve rendering material for the growth of larger crystals), CSD during this terminal crystallization stage retains some traces of the CSD shape inherited from the nucleation stage. Another objective of this paper is to point-out some biochemical aspects of the protein crystallization, such as bond selection mechanism (BSM) of protein crystal nucleation and growth and the effect of electric fields exerted on the process. Finally, an in-silico study on crystal polymorph selection is reviewed.

中文翻译:

蛋白质晶体成核和生长研究的进展(和挑战);热力学和动力学解释以及与小分子结晶的比较

摘要 本文回顾了蛋白质晶体成核和生长的热力学和动力学方面的进展和一些新想法(尚未被评论和专着涵盖),以及由此产生的一些结果。通过考虑物理和生化因素的作用,本文旨在对最近的研究和阐明蛋白质结晶过程的努力进行全面(而非完整)回顾。首先考虑控制蛋白质和小分子结晶的热力学规则。热力学证实的 EBDE 方法(意思是保持晶体簇完整性的内聚能与趋向于撕裂它的破坏性能量之间的平衡)决定了稳定核(即注定要生长的核)的过饱和依赖大小。稳定核的大小是值得考虑的,因为它与临界晶核的大小正好相关,并允许后者计算。此外,只有稳定的原子核才能生长成可见的晶体,并通过实验进行检测。EBDE 用于考虑孔隙中的蛋白质晶体成核和疏水性辅助蛋白质结晶。成核的逻辑函数动力学(表示为核数密度与成核时间)在数量上解释了结晶过程的重要方面,例如固定成核时间下晶核数密度的过饱和依赖性和分批结晶产生的晶体尺寸分布 (CSD) . 结果表明,CSD 是由晶体成核阶段引发的,它产生了一个 ogee 曲线形状的 CSD 与晶体诞生时刻。实验结果证实了逻辑功能成核动力学和计算的 CSD。即使奥斯特瓦尔德熟化改变了后者(因为最小的晶体溶解了用于生长较大晶体的渲染材料),在这个终端结晶阶段的 CSD 保留了一些从成核阶段继承的 CSD 形状的痕迹。本文的另一个目的是指出蛋白质结晶的一些生化方面,例如蛋白质晶体成核和生长的键选择机制 (BSM) 以及电场对过程的影响。最后,回顾了关于晶体多晶型选择的计算机研究。即使奥斯特瓦尔德熟化改变了后者(因为最小的晶体溶解了用于生长较大晶体的渲染材料),在这个终端结晶阶段的 CSD 保留了一些从成核阶段继承的 CSD 形状的痕迹。本文的另一个目的是指出蛋白质结晶的一些生化方面,例如蛋白质晶体成核和生长的键选择机制 (BSM) 以及电场对过程的影响。最后,回顾了关于晶体多晶型选择的计算机研究。即使奥斯特瓦尔德熟化改变了后者(因为最小的晶体溶解了用于生长较大晶体的渲染材料),在这个终端结晶阶段的 CSD 保留了一些从成核阶段继承的 CSD 形状的痕迹。本文的另一个目的是指出蛋白质结晶的一些生化方面,例如蛋白质晶体成核和生长的键选择机制 (BSM) 以及电场对过程的影响。最后,回顾了关于晶体多晶型选择的计算机研究。本文的另一个目的是指出蛋白质结晶的一些生化方面,例如蛋白质晶体成核和生长的键选择机制 (BSM) 以及电场对过程的影响。最后,回顾了关于晶体多晶型选择的计算机研究。本文的另一个目的是指出蛋白质结晶的一些生化方面,例如蛋白质晶体成核和生长的键选择机制 (BSM) 以及电场对过程的影响。最后,回顾了关于晶体多晶型选择的计算机研究。
更新日期:2020-05-01
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