MOND is a paradigm that contends to account for the mass discrepancies in the Universe without invoking ‘dark’ components, such as ‘dark matter’ and ‘dark energy’. It does so by supplanting Newtonian dynamics and General Relativity, departing from them at very low accelerations. Having in mind readers who are historians and philosophers of science, as well as physicists and astronomers, I describe in this review the main aspects of MOND – its statement, its basic tenets, its main predictions, and the tests of these predictions – contrasting it with the dark-matter paradigm. I then discuss possible wider ramifications of MOND, for example the potential significance of the MOND constant, $a_0$, with possible implications for the roots of MOND in cosmology. Along the way I point to parallels with several historical instances of nascent paradigms. In particular, with the emergence of the Copernican world picture, that of quantum physics, and that of relativity, as regards their initial advent, their development, their schematic structure, and their ramifications. For example, the interplay between theories and their corollary laws, and the centrality of a new constant with converging values as deduced from seemingly unrelated manifestations of these laws. I demonstrate how MOND has already unearthed a number of unsuspected laws of galactic dynamics (to which, indeed, $a_0$ is central) predicting them a priori, and leading to their subsequent verification. I parallel the struggle of the new with the old paradigms, and the appearance of hybrid paradigms at such times of struggle. I also try to identify in the history of those established paradigms a stage that can be likened to that of MOND today.

MOND是一个范式，旨在解释宇宙中的质量差异而无需调用“暗”成分，例如“暗物质”和“暗能量”。通过取代牛顿动力学和广义相对论，以非常低的加速度偏离它们来做到这一点。考虑到作为历史学家和科学哲学家的物理学家以及物理学家和天文学家，在这篇评论中，我描述了MOND的主要方面–陈述，基本原理，主要预测以及对这些预测的检验–对比与黑暗的范式。然后，我将讨论MOND的可能更广泛的含义，例如MOND常数的潜在意义，${\mathrm{一种}}_0$对宇宙学中MOND的起源可能有影响。在此过程中，我指出了与新生范例的几个历史实例的相似之处。特别是，随着哥白尼世界图谱的出现，关于量子物理学的最初出现，发展，示意图结构及其分枝，量子物理学和相对论的出现。例如，理论与推论定律之间的相互作用，以及从这些定律似乎无关的推论中得出的，具有收敛值的新常数的中心性。我将向您展示MOND如何发掘出许多不可思议的银河动力学定律（事实上，${\mathrm{一种}}_0$非常重要）先验先验，然后进行后续验证。我将新范式与旧范式的斗争，以及混合范式在这种斗争时期的出现并行起来。我还尝试在这些既定范例的历史中确定一个可以与今天MOND相比的阶段。