Abstract Suppose that we are interested in the average causal effect of a binary treatment on an outcome when this relationship is confounded by a binary confounder. Suppose that the confounder is unobserved but a nondifferential proxy of it is observed. We show that, under certain monotonicity assumption that is empirically verifiable, adjusting for the proxy produces a measure of the effect that is between the unadjusted and the true measures.

中文翻译：

---

关于无微分误测二元混杂因素的单调性

摘要 假设当这种关系被二元混杂因素混淆时，我们对二元处理对结果的平均因果影响感兴趣。假设没有观察到混杂因素，但观察到了它的一个非差分代理。我们表明，在某些可凭经验验证的单调性假设下，对代理进行调整会产生对未调整和真实测量之间的影响的测量。