Abstract One of the most significant developments in international law was the establishment of Special Tribunals that could bring to justice individuals allegedly responsible for “grave breaches” and violations of the law against humanity. This is, undoubtedly, a recent global development that has challenged the issues of impunity and sovereignty. Since the Nazis’ atrocities and the Nuremberg trials, war crimes law has broadened its scope and has recognized a number of offenses considered as “international crimes” and which have also come to be described as “genocide”. However, although intended to put an end to the politics of impunity for the perpetrators of these crimes, a number of signatory states are reluctant to bring to justice those responsible for these defined international crimes. Indeed, the jurisprudence developed in these Special Tribunals provided an impetus for the development of the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court (ICC). More specifically, it has been argued that war crimes and crimes against humanity are committed by men, not by abstract entities, and only by punishing individuals who commit such heinous crimes can the provisions of international law be enforced and realized. However, a perfectly reasonable case can be made that the creation of these tribunals does represent a new era in international law.

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国际法下个人刑事责任的发展：纽伦堡和东京战争罪行审判的教训

摘要国际法最重要的发展之一是设立了特别法庭，可以将据称应对“严重违反”和违反反人类法行为负责的个人绳之以法。毫无疑问，这是最近的全球发展，对有罪不罚和主权问题提出了挑战。自纳粹暴行和纽伦堡审判以来，战争罪行法扩大了范围，并承认了许多被视为“国际罪行”的罪行，也被称为“种族灭绝”。但是，尽管打算终止对这些罪行的肇事者有罪不罚的政治，但一些签署国不愿将应对这些明确的国际罪行负责的人绳之以法。确实，这些特别法庭制定的判例为《国际刑事法院罗马规约》的制定提供了动力。更具体地说，有人争辩说，战争罪和危害人类罪是人犯的，而不是抽象实体犯的，只有惩罚那些犯下这种令人发指罪行的人才能执行和实现国际法的规定。但是，可以提出一个完全合理的理由，即设立这些法庭确实代表了国际法的新时代。只有惩处犯下这种令人发指罪行的个人，国际法的规定才能得到执行和实现。但是，可以提出一个完全合理的理由，即设立这些法庭确实代表了国际法的新时代。只有惩处犯下这种令人发指罪行的个人，国际法的规定才能得到执行和实现。但是，可以提出一个完全合理的理由，即设立这些法庭确实代表了国际法的新时代。