Response priming refers to the finding that a prime preceding a target influences the response to the target. With German subjects, horizontally moving dots as primes, and static arrows as targets, there are typically faster responses to compatible (i.e., prime and target are associated with the same response) as compared to incompatible targets (i.e., positive compatibility effect, PCE) with short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In contrast, with longer SOAs, subjects respond faster to incompatible as compared to compatible targets (i.e., negative compatibility effect, NCE). In the present study, we extended the evidence by adding vertically oriented materials. Furthermore, we tested subjects from Malaysia and Japan, where the vertical orientation is more present in daily life, and compared them to German subjects to investigate whether the amount of experience with one orientation influences the compatibility effects on this orientation. Overall, we found pronounced PCEs in the short SOA (i.e., 150 ms) but only reduced PCEs in the longer SOAs (i.e., 350, 550, and 750 ms) across all countries and orientations. There were no differences between the German and Malaysian samples, but the Japanese sample showed larger PCEs in the longer SOAs compared to both other samples. Furthermore, we found larger PCEs for horizontal than vertical materials in the short SOA and larger PCEs for vertical than horizontal materials in the longer SOAs. We discuss our findings in light of theories and findings on compatibility effects as well as attentional mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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水平和垂直移动素数的反应启动：德国、马来西亚和日本受试者的比较

响应启动是指发现目标之前的启动会影响对目标的响应。对于德国主题，水平移动的点作为质数，静态箭头作为目标，与不相容的目标（即正相容效应，PCE）相比，对相容的反应（即质数和目标与相同的反应相关联）通常更快具有短刺激起始异步 (SOA)。相比之下，对于较长的 SOA，与兼容目标相比，受试者对不兼容的反应更快（即负面兼容效应，NCE）。在本研究中，我们通过添加垂直方向的材料来扩展证据。此外，我们测试了马来西亚和日本的受试者，在这些地方，垂直方向在日常生活中更常见，并将他们与德国受试者进行比较，以研究对一个方向的经验量是否会影响对该方向的兼容性影响。总体而言，我们发现在所有国家和方向的短 SOA（即 150 毫秒）中 PCE 显着，但在较长 SOA（即 350、550 和 750 毫秒）中仅降低了 PCE。德国和马来西亚样本之间没有差异，但与其他两个样本相比，日本样本在较长的 SOA 中显示出更大的 PCE。此外，我们发现在短 SOA 中水平材料的 PCE 大于垂直材料，而在较长 SOA 中，垂直材料的 PCE 大于水平材料。我们根据关于相容性效应和注意力机制的理论和发现来讨论我们的发现。