This study examined the role of error-type and working memory (WM) in the effectiveness of direct-metalinguistic and indirect written corrective feedback (WCF) on self error-correction in first-language writing. Fifty-one French first-year psychology students volunteered to participate in the experiment. They carried out a first-language error-correction task after receiving WCF on typographical, orthographic, grammatical, and semantic errors. Results indicated that error-type affected the efficacy of WCF. In both groups, typographical error-correction was performed better than the others; orthographic and grammatical error-correction were not different, but both were corrected more frequently than semantic errors. Between-group comparisons showed no difference between the two groups in correcting typographical, orthographic, and grammatical errors, while semantic error-correction was performed significantly better for the direct group. Results revealed that WM was not involved in correcting typographical, orthographic, and grammatical errors in both groups. It did, however, predict semantic error-correction only in response to direct-metalinguistic WCF. In addition, the processing component of WM was predictive of semantic error-correction in the direct WCF group. These findings suggest that error-type mediates the effectiveness of WCF on written error-correction at the monitoring stage of writing, while WM does not associate with all WCF types efficacy at this stage.

这项研究检查了错误类型和工作记忆（WM）在直接语言和间接书面纠正反馈（WCF）对第一语言写作中的自我错误纠正的有效性中的作用。51名法国一年级心理学学生自愿参加了该实验。在收到有关印刷，正字，语法和语义错误的WCF之后，他们执行了第一语言的错误纠正任务。结果表明，错误类型会影响WCF的效力。在两组中，印刷错误校正均优于其他组。正字法和语法错误纠正没有什么不同，但是比语义错误更频繁地纠正。组间比较显示两组在校正印刷，正字，和语法错误，而直接小组的语义错误纠正效果明显更好。结果显示，WM两组均未参与纠正印刷，正字和语法错误。但是，它确实仅响应直接元语言WCF预测了语义错误校正。此外，WM的处理组件可预测直接WCF组中的语义错误校正。这些发现表明，错误类型在书写的监视阶段介导了WCF对书面错误纠正的有效性，而WM在此阶段并未与所有WCF类型的效力相关。和两组的语法错误。但是，它确实仅响应直接元语言WCF预测了语义错误校正。此外，WM的处理组件可预测直接WCF组中的语义错误校正。这些发现表明，错误类型在书写的监视阶段介导了WCF对书面错误纠正的有效性，而WM在此阶段并未与所有WCF类型的效力相关。和两组的语法错误。但是，它确实仅响应直接元语言WCF预测了语义错误校正。此外，WM的处理组件可预测直接WCF组中的语义错误校正。这些发现表明，错误类型在书写的监视阶段介导了WCF对书面错误纠正的有效性，而WM在此阶段并未与所有WCF类型的效力相关。