Studies on Subject Pronoun Expression (SPE) in the Portuguese-speaking world have shown a distinction between European Portuguese, which is a Null Subject Language (NSL) with high rates of null subjects, and Brazilian Portuguese, which is controversially treated as a partial-NSL and exhibits a considerably lower rate of null subjects. No specific studies have been conducted on the matter on Santomean Portuguese, but we know that both null and overt subject personal pronouns exist in this variety of Portuguese. The objective of this paper is to investigate variation in SPE in Santomean Portuguese, and to situate this variety of Portuguese in comparison with other varieties. Results of the variationist analyses show that Santomean Portuguese patterns more like European Portuguese in its high rate of use of null subject. Interestingly, and contrary to previous studies, Santomeans with a higher level of education disfavor the use of null subject, which I relate to a sensitivity to grammatical ideology and the favoring of the overt subject in more formal situations. Most of the results regarding the linguistic predictors, which are stronger than the social predictors, relate Santomean Portuguese to other varieties of Portuguese, and to Spanish.

中文翻译：

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葡萄牙语代名词中的主语代词表达

关于葡萄牙语世界中的主题代词表达（SPE）的研究表明，欧洲葡萄牙语是一种巴西空葡萄牙语，后者是一种空语主语比例很高的空主语（NSL），而巴西葡萄牙语则有争议， NSL，且空主题率低得多。尚无关于Santomean葡萄牙语的具体研究，但我们知道，在这种葡萄牙语中，既存在虚词，也存在明显的主语人称代词。本文的目的是调查Santomean葡萄牙语中SPE的变异，并与其他品种相比将这种葡萄牙语的位置。变异主义者的分析结果表明，在使用空语的比例很高的情况下，Santomean葡萄牙语模式更像欧洲葡萄牙语。有趣的是 与以前的研究相反，具有较高教育水平的桑托姆人不赞成使用空语，这与对语法意识形态的敏感性以及在较为正式的情况下对公开语语的青睐有关。有关语言预测器的大多数结果要强于社会预测器，它们将Santomean葡萄牙语与其他葡萄牙语版本和西班牙语相关联。