I define a second-position syncopation as one involving a long note or accent on the second quarter of a half-note or quarter-note unit. I present a corpus analysis of second-position syncopation in 19th-century European and American vocal music. I argue that the analysis of syncopation requires consideration of other musical features besides note-onset patterns, including pitch contour, duration, and text-setting. The corpus analysis reveals that second-position syncopation was common in English, Scottish, Euro-American, and African-American vocal music, but rare in French, German, and Italian vocal music. This suggests that the prevalence of such syncopations in ragtime and later popular music was at least partly due to British influence.

中文翻译：

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欧美人声音乐中的第二位置关联

我将第二位置的分类定义为在半音符或四分音符单位的第二个四分音符上包含长音或重音的音调。我对19世纪的欧美声乐中的第二位置音调进行了语料库分析。我认为，对音调的分析需要考虑音符起音模式之外的其他音乐特征，包括音高轮廓，持续时间和文本设置。语料库分析显示，第二位置音调在英语，苏格兰，欧美和非裔声乐中很常见，而在法语，德语和意大利声乐中则很少见。这表明在拉格泰姆和后来的流行音乐中这种共鸣的流行至少部分是由于英国的影响。