This research investigated whether negative emotional responses to heavy-metal and hip-hop music could be stereotypes of the music genres. It was hypothesized that heavy-metal and hip-hop music with positive lyrics would be perceived as expressing more negative (negative valence/high arousal) emotions, compared with pop music excerpts with identical lyrics. Participants listened to either two heavy-metal or two hip-hop test stimuli and two pop control stimuli. They then responded by stating what emotion they perceived that the music expressed. Results indicated that heavy-metal and hip-hop stimuli were perceived as expressing more negative emotions than pop stimuli. Lyrics were recognized above chance in both heavy metal and hip hop, suggesting that the negative emotion bias was not a result of misunderstanding the lyrics. The Stereotype Theory of Emotion in Music (STEM) explains the findings in terms of an emotion filter which is activated to simplify emotion perception processing. The conclusions provide a novel way of understanding the cultural and social contribution of emotion in music.

中文翻译：

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带有正歌词的重金属和嘻哈音乐的负面情绪反应

这项研究调查了对重金属和嘻哈音乐的负面情绪反应是否可能是音乐流派的刻板印象。据推测，与具有相同歌词的流行音乐摘录相比，具有积极歌词的重金属和嘻哈音乐将被认为表达出更多的消极（负价/高唤醒）情感。参与者听了两个重金属或两个嘻哈测试刺激和两个流行控制刺激。然后，他们通过陈述他们对音乐表达的情感做出回应。结果表明，重金属和嘻哈刺激比流行刺激表现出更多的负面情绪。歌词在重金属和嘻哈音乐中都被认为是偶然的，这表明负面的情感偏见并不是误解歌词的结果。音乐中的刻板印象理论（STEM）用情感过滤器解释了发现，该过滤器被激活以简化情感感知处理。结论为理解音乐中情感的文化和社会贡献提供了一种新颖的方法。