Abstract German Expressionism, although often viewed as a uniquely German phenomenon, was part of a broader crisis affecting the European avant-garde at the time of the First World War. The experience of modernity, so proudly displayed at events like the Universal Exposition of 1900, inspired both hopes and fears which were reflected in the works of artists, writers and musicians throughout Europe. The outbreak of the war was welcomed by many exponents of the avant-garde as the cathartic crisis they had anticipated. The letters and diaries of artists who hastened to enlist, however, reflected their rapid disillusionment. The war had the effect of severing cultural ties that had been forged prior to 1914. This did not prevent a parallel process of cultural evolution on both sides of the conflict. Those who survived the war, of diverse nationalities and artistic affiliations, produced works reflecting a common perception that modern civilization had resulted in humanity becoming a slave to its own machines.

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语境中的德国表现主义：第一次世界大战与欧洲前卫

摘要德国表现主义虽然经常被视为德国的一种独特现象，但却是第一次世界大战期间影响欧洲前卫的更广泛危机的一部分。在1900年世界博览会等活动中自豪地展示了现代性的经验，激发了希望和恐惧，这反映在整个欧洲的艺术家，作家和音乐家的作品中。战争的爆发受到前卫的许多代表的欢迎，因为他们曾预料到这是一场导火索的危机。但是，急忙征集的艺术家的信件和日记反映了他们的迅速幻灭。战争的结果是断绝了1914年以前建立的文化纽带。这并没有阻止冲突双方并行的文化发展进程。那些在战争中幸存下来的人