The Jewish body has long caught the interest of historians and anthropologists. For both Jews and non-Jews, the body of the Jew had features which distinguished it essentially from a non-Jewish body, similar to the way a male body is conceived of as essentially different from a female body. Often, these bodily features were imagined as unchangeable. The following set of articles aims to contribute to scholarship compiled since the 1980s on the history of the body, according to which the body is not understood as a biological and invariable constant but rather as a social construction, formed through discourse, and changing over time. The perception of the body depends on both the one who inhabits the body and the outside observer, who sees and perceives the body of the other according to his/her own ideas and perceptions. Thus, we look at an imagined body, which we only get to know through descriptions that are deeply influenced by the observer’s cultural concepts and ideas. The ways contemporaries wrote, spoke, or thought about the body – their own and that of the other – formed and altered this very body. The articles in this volume aim at deconstructing the discourses which contributed to shaping the Jewish body. The following example illustrates how central the question of the body and its features could be. The early modern Frankfurt ‘ethnographer’ of the Jews, Johann Jacob Schudt (1664–1722) had no doubt that ‘one could identify a Jew immediately among many thousands of people.’He argued that it was easy to recognize a Jew, even when he tried to hide his identity. Outward signs ‘partly physical, partly in relation to his mind, partly in his lifestyle’ could easily reveal his Jewishness. Moreover, he claimed that distinguishing features of the Jew included the nose, lips, eyes and ‘the whole body-posture’. Jews and non-Jews had a long tradition of discussing and ruminating about such an imagined Jewish body, and they also marked the Jewish body to make it recognizable. The question of distinguishability and the markers of difference were among the core issues in JewishChristian relations and were often directly related to the (Jewish) body and included the question whether a conversion could turn a Jew into a Christian or some inherent and

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简介：犹太人的身体

长期以来，犹太人的身体一直引起历史学家和人类学家的兴趣。对于犹太人和非犹太人来说，犹太人的身体具有本质上区别于非犹太人身体的特征，类似于男性身体被认为与女性身体本质上不同的方式。通常，这些身体特征被认为是不可改变的。以下这组文章旨在为自 1980 年代以来关于身体历史的学术研究做出贡献，根据该研究，身体不被理解为生物和不变的常数，而是一种社会结构，通过话语形成，并随着时间而变化. 对身体的感知取决于居住在身体中的一方和外部观察者，后者根据自己的想法和感知来观察和感知对方的身体。因此，我们看着一个想象的身体，我们只能通过深受观察者文化观念和思想影响的描述来了解它。同时代人书写、说话或思考身体的方式——他们自己的和他人的——形成并改变了这个身体。本卷中的文章旨在解构有助于塑造犹太人身体的话语。下面的例子说明了身体及其特征的问题是多么重要。早期现代法兰克福犹太人的“民族志学家”，约翰·雅各布·舒特 (Johann Jacob Schudt，1664-1722) 毫不怀疑，“人们可以立即从成千上万的人中认出一个犹太人。”他认为，认出一个犹太人很容易，即使在他试图隐藏自己的身份。外在的迹象“部分是身体上的，部分是与他的思想有关的，部分在他的生活方式中”可以很容易地揭示他的犹太人身份。此外，他声称犹太人的显着特征包括鼻子、嘴唇、眼睛和“全身姿势”。犹太人和非犹太人在讨论和思考这种想象中的犹太人身体方面有着悠久的传统，他们还对犹太人的身体进行了标记，使其易于识别。可区分性和差异标志的问题是犹太基督教关系中的核心问题，通常与（犹太）身体直接相关，包括皈依是否可以将犹太人变成基督徒或某些固有的和 犹太人和非犹太人在讨论和思考这种想象中的犹太人身体方面有着悠久的传统，他们还对犹太人的身体进行了标记，使其易于识别。可区分性和差异标志的问题是犹太基督教关系中的核心问题，通常与（犹太）身体直接相关，包括皈依是否可以将犹太人变成基督徒或某些固有的和 犹太人和非犹太人在讨论和思考这种想象中的犹太人身体方面有着悠久的传统，他们还对犹太人的身体进行了标记，使其易于识别。可区分性和差异标志的问题是犹太基督教关系中的核心问题，通常与（犹太）身体直接相关，包括皈依是否可以将犹太人变成基督徒或某些固有的和