Abstract Qianhai, the early Qing order that forced people in southeast coast to evacuate the coast to a distance of ten to eighteen miles inland in order to eliminate anti-Qing activities, is an excellent topic through which to examine the formation of the border in Han local society. The development of regional studies during the past 20 years encourages us to both refine our local case studies and map the wider picture. The story of social transformation in Zhangpu County during the Ming-Qing transition provides a perfect case to discuss how the coastal evacuation policy was implemented in local society. It can also promote our understanding of multiple histories. First, the lineage story of the coastal evacuation can be described in greater detail. Even in a single county, there was no standard evacuation distance. Local officials relied on mountainous terrain and existing forts and fortified villages to form a line of defense that determined the scope of the evacuation. Second, the social landscape in the communities of the county demonstrates the rise and decline of local power structures. Many of the most influential and deep-rooted lineages were badly weakened by the time they returned home after the evacuation order was rescinded. On the basis of the ebb and flow of local elites, the Qing state began to regulate households more closely, and state power thus penetrated to the local level. The household registers of Zhangpu were established based on the specific historical context of the county, but the process shared with the rest of the southeastern coastal region a pattern whereby pacification and local Defense shaped state penetration. Even in a supposedly “traditional” Han region, the empire needed to handle the problems of the border and social complexity, just as it did in “non-Han” areas. This illustrates the process of late imperial state formation in practice.

中文翻译：

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清初漳浦县的沿海疏散：堡垒，设防村落中的边界，迁移区和社会变革

摘要前海是清朝前期为了驱散反清活动而迫使东南沿海地区的人们撤离内陆十至十八英里的内陆地区，以消除反清活动的一个很好的话题，它是检验汉人边界形成的一个好话题。当地社会。在过去的20年中，区域研究的发展鼓励我们完善本地案例研究并绘制更广阔的图景。明清过渡时期漳浦县社会转型的故事为讨论沿海疏散政策如何在当地社会实施提供了一个完美的案例。它还可以增进我们对多种历史的理解。首先，可以更详细地描述沿海撤离的沿袭故事。即使在一个县，也没有标准的疏散距离。地方官员依靠山区地形和现有的要塞以及设防的村庄形成了确定撤离范围的防线。其次，该县社区的社会景观表明了地方权力结构的兴衰。许多最有影响力和根深蒂固的血统在撤离撤离令后返回家园时被严重削弱。在地方精英的潮起潮落的基础上，清政府开始更加严格地规范家庭，国家权力因此渗透到了地方。漳浦的户口簿是根据该县的特定历史背景建立的，但此过程与东南沿海其他地区共有一种模式，即安抚和地方防卫塑造了国家的渗透。即使在所谓的“传统”汉族地区，帝国也需要处理边界和社会复杂性问题，就像在“非汉族”地区一样。这说明了在实践中后期帝国形成的过程。