To whom is a duty owed? Contractualism answers with an interest theory of direction. As such, it faces three challenges. The Conceptual Challenge requires acknowledgment that a duty is conceptually distinct from an interest. The Extensional Challenge requires an account of cases in which one who is owed a duty does not take an interest in the duty, or does not take as much of an interest as someone who is not owed the duty. The Positivist Challenge requires explanation of the great flexibility of law and other social practices in positing duties that do not reflect the landscape of moral interests. Contractualism can be shown to meet these challenges once we acknowledge the centrality of the idea of a generic interest. Focusing on generic interests also illuminates the distinctive form of respect involved in directedness.

中文翻译：

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契约论的正当性和职责的方向

对谁负有义务？契约主义以一种关于方向的利益理论来回答。因此，它面临三个挑战。概念挑战要求承认义务在概念上不同于利益。扩展性挑战要求对负有义务的人不对该义务感兴趣，或与不负有义务的人不感兴趣的情况进行说明。实证主义挑战需要解释法律和其他社会实践在设定不反映道德利益景观的义务时的巨大灵活性。一旦我们承认通用利益这一概念的中心地位，就可以证明契约主义能够应对这些挑战。关注一般兴趣也阐明了指向性所涉及的独特尊重形式。