Many violence prevention programs include a focus on the role of bystanders and third parties in violence prevention training. Central to this work has been the classic social psychological research on the “bystander effect”. However, recent research on bystander behavior shows that the bystander effect does not hold in violent or dangerous emergencies. Meta‐analyses of the literature show that the presence of others can facilitate as well as inhibit intervention in emergencies. Studies of real‐life bystander behavior captured on CCTV cameras shows that some bystander intervention is the norm and that the likelihood of bystanders being victimized is low. One reason for the limited effectiveness of violence reduction programs may be their approach to bystanders. We argue that violence reduction programs should: recognize that some intervention is likely (although it may not always be successful); see the group as a route to successful intervention rather than a threat to the likelihood of any single individual becoming an intervener; inform bystanders of the real risks of victimization; utilize the power of social relations between bystanders, victims, and perpetrators to enhance successful intervention; seek to deliver bystander intervention training in situ, rather than away from the context of the aggression or violence.

中文翻译：

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重新思考减少暴力培训计划中的旁观者效应

许多预防暴力方案都将重点放在旁观者和第三方在预防暴力培训中的作用。这项工作的核心是关于“旁观者效应”的经典社会心理学研究。但是，最近对旁观者行为的研究表明，在暴力或危险紧急情况下，旁观者的影响并不成立。文献的荟萃分析显示，其他人的存在可以促进和抑制紧急情况中的干预。对通过CCTV摄像机捕获的现实生活中的旁观者行为的研究表明，一些旁观者干预是常态，而旁观者受害的可能性很低。减少暴力方案成效有限的原因之一可能是他们对旁观者的态度。我们认为减少暴力的方案应：认识到有可能进行某种干预（尽管不一定总是成功的）；将团体视为成功进行干预的途径，而不是威胁任何个人成为干预者的可能性；告知旁观者受害的真正风险；利用旁观者，受害者和犯罪者之间的社会关系的力量来加强成功的干预；寻求就地进行旁观者干预培训，而不是远离侵略或暴力的环境。犯罪者加强成功的干预；寻求就地进行旁观者干预培训，而不是远离侵略或暴力的环境。犯罪者加强成功的干预；寻求就地进行旁观者干预培训，而不是远离侵略或暴力的环境。