The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore stakeholder' perspectives of control within general correctional and solitary confinement environments with findings focused on trust, sound, views to nature, routine, and time. Research was conducted at two medium security prisons in a large US state with male inmates. Using a survey methodology, interviews occurred with 10 inmates, 10 correctional officers, two superintendents, one staff psychologist, one nurse, and two correctional design architects. Observations and photography followed while visiting and leaving the prisons. Using grounded theory as a data analysis tool identified the themes of trust, views to nature, sound, time, and routine viewed through the overarching premise of control. Incongruence between rehabilitation and punitive environmental goals were found. Correctional officers who emphasized fear and trust valued visual surveillance despite its ability to lead to austere indoor and outdoor spaces. Inmates craved outdoor views along with personal possessions as these items established a more meaningful passage of time. Sound, as noted by the correctional architects, was not designed as a rehabilitative tool, but instead was used to denote impending attacks. And routine, so valued by inmates, was often taken away as a form of control. Implications suggest that the US prisons observed in this study exemplified control, dominance, and punishment. Future prison design should embrace the rehabilitative and healing strategies used in European models to help lower rates of recidivism which are problematic in the American prison system.

中文翻译：

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监狱作为家：一般监狱和单独监禁环境中的控制特征

这项定性研究的目的是探索利益相关者在一般惩戒和单独监禁环境中的控制观点，调查结果侧重于信任、健全、对自然的看法、常规和时间。研究是在美国一个大型州的两所中等安全监狱中进行的，其中有男性囚犯。使用调查方法，采访了 10 名囚犯、10 名惩教人员、两名主管、一名心理咨询师、一名护士和两名惩教设计建筑师。在探访和离开监狱时进行了观察和摄影。使用扎根理论作为数据分析工具确定了信任、对自然的看法、声音、时间和通过控制的总体前提观察的常规等主题。发现康复和惩罚性环境目标之间存在不一致。强调恐惧和信任的惩教人员重视视觉监视，尽管它能够导致严峻的室内和室外空间。囚犯渴望户外景观和个人物品，因为这些物品建立了更有意义的时间流逝。正如惩教建筑师所指出的，声音并不是作为一种康复工具而设计的，而是用来表示即将发生的攻击。囚犯们如此重视的例行公事，往往被剥夺了作为一种控制的形式。暗示表明，本研究中观察到的美国监狱体现了控制、支配和惩罚。未来的监狱设计应该采用欧洲模式中使用的康复和治疗策略，以帮助降低美国监狱系统中存在问题的累犯率。