Morphological inventories and structures of languages in contact can converge by means of either increasing formal similarity (MAT borrowing), or structural congruence (PAT borrowing), or a combination of both (MAT&PAT borrowing). In order to understand whether and how these borrowing types covary with specific grammatical features and modules of grammar, I propose a typology of MAT and PAT borrowing that distinguishes between functional and realization levels and covers all areas of grammar that can be affected by borrowing. I exemplify selected subtypes of borrowing with a number of crosslinguistic cases focusing on morphology and morphosyntax.

中文翻译：

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借用物质和形态的形态。概述

可以通过增加形式上的相似性（MAT借用）或结构上的一致性（PAT借用）或两者的组合（MAT＆PAT借用）来使接触的语言的形态清单和结构趋同。为了理解这些借用类型是否以及如何与特定的语法特征和语法模块共存，我提出了MAT和PAT借用的类型，以区分功能级别和实现级别，并涵盖了可能受到借用影响的所有语法领域。我举例说明了借用的选定子类型，其中有许多涉及形态学和形态语法的跨语言案例。