This essay deals with the notion of divine retribution in Tannaitic literature. It argues that this concept can be used to establish traditions and create identity. After introductory remarks on the different Tannaitic perspectives on divine retribution, the paper focuses on the main features of the Tannaitic idea of divine retribution, exploring the key questions: Why and when does God punish? Why and when does God bestow a reward? Who is supposed to be rewarded, and why? Who will be punished, and why? It then deals with the different uses the Tannaim made of the concept of retribution.

中文翻译：

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通过坦那契克犹太教中的神圣报应来定义身份

本文论述了坦尼契克文学中的神圣报应的概念。它认为这个概念可以用来建立传统和创造身份。在对坦尼提关于神的报应的不同观点作了介绍性论述后，本文着重探讨坦尼提关于神的报应思想的主要特征，并探讨了关键问题：为什么上帝在何时何地惩罚？上帝为何以及何时给予奖励？谁应该得到奖励，为什么？谁将受到惩罚，为什么？然后，它处理了塔纳姆（Tannaim）对报应概念的不同使用。