The fossil record provides a long-term perspective to better understand the impacts of species invasions in their environmental contexts. Temporal analyses of predator–prey interactions from the Tjörnes deposits, Iceland, track naticid gastropod drilling predation across the trans-Arctic invasion (TAI: ~3.5 Ma). These deposits represent three zones subdivided into 25 marine fossil-bearing beds that correspond with the stages of invasion: Tapes (1–5) and Mactra (6–12) zones are pre-invasion, whereas the Serripes zone (13–25) represents the invasion. Bivalve and naticid gastropod specimens were analysed from the Bárðarson (1925) samples at the Icelandic Institute of Natural History, which consisted of pre-invasion and invasion samples; we also bulk-sampled the Serripes zone. Height and length of specimens were measured to assess size changes, and the occurrence of complete and incomplete drill holes and drill hole diameter were recorded for whole bivalves and naticids. Drilling frequency (DF) and prey effectiveness (PE, the incidence of failed drilling) were calculated to track predator–prey interactions. Genus-level diversity increased through the Tjörnes deposits, in part related to a shift from intertidal to sublittoral environments. DF increased and PE decreased significantly between the pre-invasion and Serripes zones. However, DF decreased from the early to the late Serripes zone, which could signify stabilization of the Tjörnes community. An increase in competition among predators through the invasion is supported by an increase in abundance of naticids relative to bivalves, especially invasive species, a switch to smaller-sized bivalve prey, a decrease in naticid mean size and an increase in confamilial predation.

中文翻译：

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来自冰岛 Tjörnes 半岛的上新世软体动物之间的捕食者-猎物相互作用；跨北极入侵

化石记录提供了一个长期视角，可以更好地了解物种入侵对其环境背景的影响。来自冰岛 Tjörnes 矿床的捕食者-猎物相互作用的时间分析，追踪了跨北极入侵（TAI：~3.5 Ma）的海螟腹足动物钻探捕食情况。这些沉积物代表三个区域，细分为 25 个与入侵阶段相对应的海洋含化石床：Tapes (1-5) 和Mactra (6-12) 区域是入侵前，而Serripes区域 (13-25) 代表入侵。从冰岛自然历史研究所的 Bárðarson (1925) 样本中分析了双壳类和海螟腹足动物标本，其中包括入侵前和入侵样本；我们还对Serripes区。测量标本的高度和长度以评估尺寸变化，并记录整个双壳贝类和水栖类的完整和不完整钻孔的发生率和钻孔直径。计算钻孔频率（DF）和猎物效率（PE，钻孔失败的发生率）以跟踪捕食者 - 猎物的相互作用。通过 Tjörnes 沉积物增加了属水平的多样性，部分与从潮间带环境向沿岸环境的转变有关。入侵前和Serripes区域之间的 DF 增加和 PE 显着降低。然而，DF 从Serripes早期到晚期下降区，这可能意味着 Tjörnes 社区的稳定。通过入侵增加捕食者之间的竞争得到了相对于双壳类动物（尤其是入侵物种）数量增加、转向更小的双壳类猎物、水族平均体型减小和家族捕食增加的支持。