Swallow-wort (Cynanchum acutum) is increasingly getting a problematic invasive weed in many parts of Iran and several countries around the world. Despite the extensive invasion of C. acutum, the efficacy of different mechanical/chemical treatments for its effective control has rarely been investigated. The objective of the present study was to explore the effects of mechanical weeding (brush cutter) and herbicide applications on C. acutum biomass and density at two locations (Abyek and Yazd) in Iran during a 3-year experiment. Treatments included: (a) no chemical/mechanical treatment, (b) glyphosate, (c) bromoxynil + MCPA, (d) mecoprop-p-dicloprop-p-MCPA, (e) triclopyr, (f) metribuzin, and (g) brush cutter. Results showed that glyphosate and triclopyr provided the highest efficacy in reducing C. acutum density and biomass relative to non-treated control according to most post-treatment assessments; although glyphosate showed more relative efficacy than triclopyr in reducing C. acutum density in Yazd at 1 year after retreatment and in reducing C. acutum biomass at both the locations at 1 year after treatment. It was shown that mecoprop-p-dicloprop-p-MCPA had statistically similar efficacy as glyphosate and triclopyr in reducing C. acutum density at most assessments. After retreatment, bromoxynil + MCPA at both the locations and mecoprop-p-dicloprop-p-MCPA in Abyek showed no statistically significant differences with glyphosate and triclopyr in terms of C. acutum biomass reduction. Metribuzin and brush cutter could not provide acceptable efficacy in C. acutum control. Overall, results indicated selective herbicides are also good chemical options for improving C. acutum management plans and decreasing this invasive weed damage.

中文翻译：

---

侵入性杂草燕窝 (Cynanchum acutum L.) 对化学和机械操作的反应

在伊朗的许多地方和世界上的几个国家，燕窝（Cynachum acutum）越来越成为有问题的侵入性杂草。尽管C. acutum广泛入侵，但很少研究不同机械/化学处理对其有效控制的功效。本研究的目的是探讨机械除草（割灌机）和除草剂对C. acutum 的影响在为期 3 年的实验中，伊朗两个地点（阿卜耶克和亚兹德）的生物量和密度。处理包括：(a) 无化学/机械处理，(b) 草甘膦，(c) 溴苯腈 + MCPA，(d) 甲氯丙酸-p-二氯丙酸-p-MCPA，(e) 绿草定，(f) 甲氧苄啶，以及 (g) ) 割灌机。结果表明，根据大多数处理后评估，与未处理的对照相比，草甘膦和绿草定在降低C. acutum密度和生物量方面提供了最高功效；尽管草甘膦在再治疗后 1 年降低亚兹德的C. acutum密度和减少C. acutum 方面显示出比绿草定更好的相对功效处理后 1 年两个位置的生物量。结果表明，甲氯丙酸-对- dicloprop-P-MCPA在减少功效草甘膦和绿草定统计上类似于C.风藤密度至多评估。再处理后，在 Abyek 的两个位置的溴苯腈 + MCPA 和甲氯丙酸-p-双氯丙酸-p-MCPA 与草甘膦和绿草定在C. acutum生物量减少方面没有显着差异。Metribuzin 和割灌机无法在C. acutum控制中提供可接受的功效。总体而言，结果表明选择性除草剂也是改善C. acutum管理计划和减少这种侵入性杂草损害的良好化学选择。