Elevated concentrations of atmospheric bromine are known to cause ozone depletion in the Arctic, which is most frequently observed during springtime. We implement a detailed description of bromine and chlorine chemistry within the WRF-Chem 4.1.1 model, and two different descriptions of Arctic bromine activation: (1) heterogeneous chemistry on surface snow on sea ice, triggered by ozone deposition to snow (Toyota et al., 2011 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3949-2011), and (2) heterogeneous reactions on sea salt aerosols emitted through the sublimation of lofted blowing snow (Yang et al., 2008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034536). In both mechanisms, bromine activation is sustained by heterogeneous reactions on aerosols and surface snow. Simulations for spring 2012 covering the entire Arctic reproduce frequent and widespread ozone depletion events, and comparisons with observations of ozone show that these developments significantly improve model predictions during the Arctic spring. Simulations show that ozone depletion events can be initiated by both surface snow on sea ice, or by aerosols that originate from blowing snow. On a regional scale, in spring 2012, snow on sea ice dominates halogen activation and ozone depletion at the surface. During this period, blowing snow is a major source of Arctic sea salt aerosols but only triggers a few depletion events.

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WRF-Chem 4.1.1 中北极溴活化的地表和吹雪源的实施和影响

众所周知，大气中溴的浓度升高会导致北极的臭氧消耗，这在春季最常见。我们在 WRF-Chem 4.1.1 模型中实现了溴和氯化学的详细描述，以及对北极溴活化的两种不同描述：（1）海冰表面雪上的异质化学，由臭氧沉积到雪中触发（Toyota et al., 2011 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3949-2011)，以及 (2) 对通过吹雪升华排放的海盐气溶胶的异质反应（Yang et al., 2008, https ://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034536）。在这两种机制中，溴的活化是由气溶胶和地表雪上的异质反应维持的。2012 年春季覆盖整个北极的模拟再现了频繁和广泛的臭氧消耗事件，与臭氧观测的比较表明，这些发展显着改善了北极春季期间的模型预测。模拟表明，臭氧消耗事件可以由海冰上的表面雪或由吹雪产生的气溶胶引发。在区域范围内，2012 年春季，海冰上的积雪在地表的卤素活化和臭氧消耗中占主导地位。在此期间，吹雪是北极海盐气溶胶的主要来源，但只会引发一些消耗事件。海冰上的雪支配着地表的卤素活化和臭氧消耗。在此期间，吹雪是北极海盐气溶胶的主要来源，但只会引发一些消耗事件。海冰上的雪支配着海面的卤素活化和臭氧消耗。在此期间，吹雪是北极海盐气溶胶的主要来源，但只会引发一些消耗事件。