What variables are associated with cross-cultural differences in values at the individual level? In this study, the statistical effect of variables associated with ecological demands and available economic and cognitive resources on self-reported values are investigated in two independent samples to test the replicability of effects. Values are operationalized using a 10-item version inspired by Schwartz’ value theory. The effects of national wealth, climatic demands, availability of cool water, and parasite stress at the national level are used to predict value scores of individuals within nations using nationally representative data from all inhabited continents (k = 49 and k = 58; Ns = 64,491 and 81,991). Using mixed-effect models, new insights into individual- and nation-level dynamics in value scores are provided. First, the paper extends previous cultural theories to the individual level by investigating the effects of education and personal income as individual-level resources. Both personal income and education have strong direct effects on value scores. Second, higher education acts as a cognitive resource which turns climatic demands into challenges, effectively unpackaging nation-level theorizing with individual level dynamics. Third, contrary to previous nation-level research, parasite stress was not a significant predictor of individual-level values. Forth, supporting recent theorizing, individuals located in cool water regions reported significantly higher self-transcendence values. Fifth, the effects of wealth on openness values were convergent and reinforcing across levels (higher wealth is associated with more openness values), but operated in opposing directions for self-transcendence values (national wealth is associated with self-transcendent values, individual wealth is associated with self-enhancing values). The current patterns suggest that cultural research needs to pay more attention to individual versus nation-level dynamics and increase replication efforts with independent samples.

哪些变量与个体层面价值观的跨文化差异有关？在这项研究中，在两个独立样本中研究了与生态需求和可用经济和认知资源相关的变量对自我报告值的统计影响，以测试影响的可复制性。价值使用受施瓦茨价值理论启发的 10 项版本进行操作。国家财富、气候需求、冷水的可用性和寄生虫压力在国家层面的影响用于使用来自所有有人居住的大陆的具有全国代表性的数据（k  = 49 和k  = 58；Ns = 64,491 和 81,991）。使用混合效应模型，提供了对价值得分中个人和国家级动态的新见解。首先，本文通过调查教育和个人收入作为个人层面资源的影响，将先前的文化理论扩展到个人层面。个人收入和教育都对价值得分有很强的直接影响。其次，高等教育作为一种认知资源，将气候需求转化为挑战，有效地将国家层面的理论与个人层面的动态联系起来。第三，与之前的国家级研究相反，寄生虫压力不是个人价值的重要预测因素。第四，支持最近的理论，位于冷水地区的个人报告了显着更高的自我超越价值。第五，财富对开放性价值观的影响在各个层面上是趋同和强化的（更高的财富与更多的开放性价值观相关），但在自我超越价值观的相反方向上运作（国家财富与自我超越价值观相关，个人财富与自我提升的价值观）。目前的模式表明，文化研究需要更多地关注个人与国家层面的动态，并增加对独立样本的复制努力。