Redox homeostasis is imperative to maintain normal physiologic and metabolic functions. Radiotherapy disturbs this balance and induces genomic instability in diseased cells. However, radiation-induced effects propagate beyond the targeted cells, affecting the adjacent non-targeted cells (bystander effects). The cellular impact of radiation, thus, encompasses both targeted and non-targeted effects. Use of external modulators along with radiation can increase radio-therapeutic efficiency. The modulators' classification as protectors or sensitizers depends on interactions with damaged DNA molecules. Thus, it is necessary to realize the functions of various radio-sensitizers or radio-protectors in both irradiated and bystander cells. This review focuses on some modulators of radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE) and their action mechanisms. Knowledge about the underlying signaling cross-talk may promote selective sensitization of radiation-targeted cells and protection of bystander cells.

中文翻译：

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外部调节剂和氧化还原稳态：辐射诱导的旁观者细胞中的情景。

氧化还原稳态对于维持正常的生理和代谢功能是必不可少的。放疗会破坏这种平衡并导致患病细胞的基因组不稳定。然而，辐射诱导效应会传播到靶细胞之外，影响相邻的非靶细胞（旁观者效应）。因此，辐射对细胞的影响包括靶向效应和非靶向效应。将外部调制器与辐射一起使用可以提高放射治疗效率。调节剂分类为保护剂或敏化剂取决于与受损 DNA 分子的相互作用。因此，有必要在受照细胞和旁观者细胞中实现各种放射增敏剂或放射防护剂的功能。本综述重点关注辐射诱导旁观者效应 (RIBE) 的一些调节剂及其作用机制。