Orofacial clefts (OFCs) rank as the second most common congenital birth defect in the United States after Down syndrome and are the most common head and neck congenital malformations. They are classified as cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate only (CPO). OFCs have significant psychological and socio-economic impact on patients and their families and require a multidisciplinary approach for management and counseling. A complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors contributes to the incidence and clinical presentation of OFCs. In this comprehensive review, the embryology, classification, epidemiology and etiology of clefts are thoroughly discussed and a "state-of-the-art" snapshot of the recent advances in the genetics of OFCs is presented.

中文翻译：

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口颌面裂胚胎学、分类、流行病学和遗传学。

口面部裂隙 (OFC) 是美国仅次于唐氏综合症的第二大常见先天性出生缺陷，是最常见的头颈部先天性畸形。它们被分类为有或没有腭裂的唇裂 (CL/P) 和仅腭裂 (CPO)。OFC 对患者及其家属具有重大的心理和社会经济影响，需要采用多学科方法进行管理和咨询。遗传和环境因素之间复杂的相互作用促成了 OFC 的发病率和临床表现。在这篇全面的综述中，对裂隙的胚胎学、分类、流行病学和病因学进行了彻底的讨论，并展示了 OFC 遗传学最新进展的“最先进”快照。