Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) is a noxious weed that threatens agricultural productivity and biodiversity worldwide. The long-term management of soil seedbanks along with the aboveground populations of silverleaf nightshade has the potential to effectively control the species in its introduced range. Implementation of this strategy requires insights into the germination behavior of the weed in response to various environmental stimuli and endogenous cues. We assessed the morphology and germination of silverleaf nightshade seeds from an agricultural farm, native rangelands, and an urban site in Texas, USA. The effects of growth substrate, phytohormones, and salt treatments on seed germination were also evaluated to identify potential stimulus that can be used to manipulate germination in the species. Results of the study showed that silverleaf nightshade seeds from the agricultural farm were the largest, while those from the Littlefield rangeland were the smallest. Seeds collected from the urban site and agricultural farm have higher germination rates than those sampled from the rangelands. Compared to domesticated crops, silverleaf nightshade seeds require longer imbibition time. Seed germination was better in potting mix than in sand or combined potting mix and sand and was significantly reduced by salt and abscisic acid treatments. Overall, results of the study highlight the crucial role of local environments in conditioning the transgenerational adaptation of species, particularly with respect to germination. Recommendations for silverleaf nightshade control are presented based on the observed variations in the germination behavior of populations within specific ranges.

中文翻译：

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银叶茄属植物（Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.）的种子萌发动态及其对有效杂草管理的影响

银叶茄属植物（Solanum elaeagnifoliumCav.) 是一种有害杂草，威胁着全世界的农业生产力和生物多样性。土壤种子库的长期管理以及银叶茄属植物的地上种群有可能在其引入范围内有效控制该物种。该策略的实施需要深入了解杂草响应各种环境刺激和内源性线索的发芽行为。我们评估了来自美国德克萨斯州农业农场、原生牧场和城市遗址的银叶茄属植物种子的形态和萌发情况。还评估了生长底物、植物激素和盐处理对种子萌发的影响，以确定可用于操纵物种萌发的潜在刺激。研究结果表明，来自农业农场的茄属植物种子最大，而来自利特菲尔德牧场的种子最小。从城市场地和农业农场收集的种子比从牧场采样的种子具有更高的发芽率。与驯化作物相比，银叶茄属植物种子需要更长的吸收时间。种子萌发在盆栽混合物中比在沙子或盆栽混合物和沙子混合中更好，并且盐和脱落酸处理显着降低了种子发芽率。总体而言，研究结果强调了当地环境在调节物种跨代适应方面的关键作用，特别是在萌发方面。