As the opioid crisis in the United States evolved, so did the relationship between prescribers and pharmaceutical companies that manufacture prescription opioids, with policymakers at both the state and national levels focused on the issue of prescription opioid misuse. This article discusses the role of the prescriber-pharmaceutical company relationship with respect to opioid over- and underprescribing, the evolution of that relationship over time, and its contribution to what is now commonly known as the U.S. opioid crisis or overdose epidemic. The United States saw several "waves" of prescription opioid misuse, and this article characterizes the relationship between prescribers and pharmaceutical companies in similar waves. The article proposes several prescriber- and manufacturer-focused "solutions" that can be implemented to address and lessen the effects of the ongoing crisis. Changes directed at prescribers and manufacturers must be implemented in tandem to ensure such solutions do not, in attempting to fill the existing cracks in the system, create even more.

中文翻译：

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其他三波：重新评估行业与处方者关系对阿片类药物危机的影响。

随着美国阿片类药物危机的发展，开处方者与制造处方阿片类药物的制药公司之间的关系也发生了变化，州和国家层面的政策制定者都关注处方阿片类药物滥用问题。本文讨论了处方者-制药公司关系在阿片类药物过量和不足处方方面的作用、这种关系随时间的演变及其对现在通常称为美国阿片类药物危机或过量流行的贡献。美国出现了几次处方阿片类药物滥用的“浪潮”，本文在类似浪潮中描述了处方者和制药公司之间的关系。文章提出了几个以处方者和制造商为中心的“解决方案” 这可以用来解决和减轻当前危机的影响。针对处方者和制造商的更改必须同时实施，以确保此类解决方案不会在试图填补系统中的现有裂缝时产生更多。