This article explores the continuities of forced labor in the Southwest, where peonage and the partido system lasted for more than a century after the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery, and places it within the broader context of modern global slavery. Debt peonage and peasant sharecropping—known locally as the partido—are usually classified as two different forms of unfree labor, but in the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Southwest they had much in common and were oftentimes mutually reinforcing. Through the legal and cultural intricacies of the partido system, thousands of landless Hispanos in the northern half of New Mexico and southern reaches of Colorado worked full-time in exchange for a small share of the annual wool harvest. Many of those same men became debt-bound to the tiny percentage of wealthy families who owned the sheep herds and grazing ranges. Through these means, partidarios (sheep renters) lost much if not all of their autonomy and became, to varying degrees depending on the disposition of their creditor and benefactor, debt peons.

中文翻译：

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美国西南部不自由劳动力的持续存在

本文探讨了西南地区强迫劳动的连续性，在第十三修正案取缔奴隶制后，工薪制和党派制度持续了一个多世纪，并将其置于现代全球奴隶制的更广泛背景下。债务劳役和农民佃农——当地人称为partido——通常被归类为两种不同形式的不自由劳动，但在十九世纪和二十世纪的西南地区，它们有很多共同点，而且常常相辅相成。由于党制的法律和文化错综复杂，新墨西哥州北半部和科罗拉多州南部地区的数千名无地西班牙人全职工作，以换取每年羊毛收成的一小部分。这些人中的许多人对拥有羊群和牧场的少数富裕家庭负债累累。通过这些方式，partidarios（牧羊人）失去了很多（如果不是全部的话）自主权，并且根据债权人和恩人的处置在不同程度上变成了债务苦工。