Perceptual confidence is an evaluation of the validity of our perceptual decisions. We present here a complete generative model that describes how confidence judgments result from some confidence evidence. The model that generates confidence evidence has two main parameters, confidence noise and confidence boost. Confidence noise reduces the sensitivity to the confidence evidence, and confidence boost accounts for information used for confidence judgment which was not used for the perceptual decision. The opposite effect of these two parameters creates a problem of confidence parameters indeterminacy, where the confidence in a perceptual decision is the same in spite of differences in confidence noise and confidence boost. When confidence is estimated for multiple stimulus strengths, both of these parameters can be recovered, thus allowing us to estimate whether confidence is generated using the same primary information that was used for the perceptual decision or some secondary information. We also describe a novel measure of confidence efficiency relative to the ideal confidence observer, as well as the estimate of one type of confidence bias. Finally, we apply the model to the confidence forced-choice paradigm, a paradigm that provides objective estimates of confidence, and we discuss how each parameter of the model can be recovered using this paradigm. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

中文翻译：

---

建模感知信心和信心强制选择范式。

感知置信度是对我们感知决策有效性的评估。我们在这里展示了一个完整的生成模型，它描述了置信度判断是如何从一些置信度证据中得出的。生成置信度证据的模型有两个主要参数，置信度噪声和置信度提升。置信度噪声降低了对置信度证据的敏感性，置信度提升说明了用于置信度判断但未用于感知决策的信息。这两个参数的相反效果产生了置信参数不确定的问题，其中尽管置信噪声和置信度提升存在差异，但感知决策的置信度是相同的。当估计多个刺激强度的置信度时，可以恢复这两个参数，从而使我们能够估计是否使用用于感知决策的相同主要信息或一些次要信息来生成置信度。我们还描述了一种新的相对于理想置信观察者的置信效率度量，以及一种置信偏差的估计。最后，我们将该模型应用于信心强制选择范式，这是一种提供客观的信心估计的范式，我们讨论了如何使用该范式恢复模型的每个参数。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）以及一种类型的置信偏差的估计。最后，我们将该模型应用于信心强制选择范式，这是一种提供客观的信心估计的范式，我们讨论了如何使用该范式恢复模型的每个参数。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）以及一种类型的置信偏差的估计。最后，我们将该模型应用于信心强制选择范式，这是一种提供客观的信心估计的范式，我们讨论了如何使用该范式恢复模型的每个参数。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）