The optimal sizing of stand-alone renewable H₂-based microgrids requires the load demand to be reliably satisfied by means of local renewable energy supported by a hybrid battery/hydrogen storage unit, while minimizing the system costs. However, this task is challenging because of the high number of components that have to be installed and operated. In this work, an MILP optimization framework has been developed and applied to the off-grid village of Ginostra (on the Stromboli island, Italy), which is a good example of several other insular sites throughout the Mediterranean area. A year-long time horizon was considered to model the seasonal storage, which is necessary for off-grid areas that wish to achieve energy independence by relying on local renewable sources. The degradation costs of batteries and H₂-based devices were included in the objective function of the optimization problem, i.e., the annual cost of the system. Efficiency and investment cost curves were considered for the electrolyzer and fuel cell components in order to obtain a more detailed and precise techno-economic estimation. The design optimization was also performed with the inclusion of a general demand response program (DRP) to assess its impact on the sizing results. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed MILP-based method was tested by comparing it with a more traditional approach, based on a metaheuristic algorithm for the optimal sizing complemented with ruled-based strategies for the system operation. Thanks to its longer-term storage capability, hydrogen is required for the optimal system configuration in order to reach energy self-sufficiency. Finally, considering the possibility of load deferral, the electricity generation cost can be reduced to an extent that depends on the amount of load that is allowed to participate in the DRP scheme. This cost reduction is mainly due to the decreased capacity of the battery storage system.

独立可再生 H ₂微电网的最佳规模需要通过混合电池/氢存储单元支持的本地可再生能源可靠地满足负载需求，同时最大限度地降低系统成本。然而，由于必须安装和操作大量组件，这项任务具有挑战性。在这项工作中，已经开发了一个 MILP 优化框架并将其应用于 Ginostra 的离网村庄（位于意大利的斯特龙博利岛），这是整个地中海地区其他几个岛屿站点的一个很好的例子。考虑了一年的时间范围来模拟季节性存储，这对于希望依靠当地可再生能源实现能源独立的离网地区来说是必要的。电池和H的降解成本₂优化问题的目标函数中包含基于 的设备，即系统的年成本。考虑了电解槽和燃料电池组件的效率和投资成本曲线，以获得更详细和精确的技术经济估算。设计优化还包括通用需求响应程序 (DRP)，以评估其对尺寸调整结果的影响。此外，所提出的基于 MILP 的方法的有效性通过将其与更传统的方法进行比较来测试，该方法基于优化大小的元启发式算法，并辅以基于规则的系统操作策略。由于其长期存储能力，优化系统配置需要氢气以实现能源自给自足。最后，考虑到负载延期的可能性，发电成本可以降低到一定程度，这取决于允许参与 DRP 计划的负载量。这种成本降低主要是由于电池存储系统容量的降低。