Complex agroforestry systems can host similar biodiversity levels to adjacent continuous forests and can offer important ecosystem services for wildlife. Species inhabiting adjacent forests, as well as species that prefer agroforestry systems, can benefit from this habitat matrix. It is necessary, however, to understand the species-specific adaptability to such a complex matrix. Indonesia is a biodiversity hotspot and hosts many endemic species that are threatened with extinction. Its human population relies heavily on agriculture, meaning that finding a balance between crop productivity and biodiversity is key for the long-term sustainability of local communities and wildlife. We aim to determine the influence of the presence of shade trees and distance to the forest on the detection rates of wildlife in coffee home gardens. In West Java, Indonesia, we monitored 23 gardens between April 2018 and March 2021 via camera traps, totalling 3856 days of monitoring in shade-grown and 3338 days in sun-exposed gardens. We also collected data in the nearby montane rainforest, totalling 1183 days of monitoring. We used Generalized Additive Models to estimate the influence of shade cover and distance to the forest on the detection rates of wildlife. The Sunda leopard cat Prionailurus javanensis was found more frequently in shade-grown gardens and used both the forest and agroforest matrix. Wild boars Sus scrofa mostly occurred in gardens adjacent to the forest, while barred buttonquails Turnix suscitator were associated with gardens far (>1 km) from the forest. Several species (civets Viverricula indica and Paradoxus musangus javanicus, Horsfield’s treeshrew Tupaia javanica, Javan ferret badger Melogale orientalis, Javan mongoose Herpestes javanicus) were not influenced by shade cover and distance to the forest, suggesting they are well adapted to the agroforestry system. Still, species of high conservation importance, such as Javan leopard Panthera pardus melas, Sunda porcupine Hystrix javanica, and grizzled langur Presbytis comata, were present in the forest but not in the agroforest, suggesting that the replacement of the forest by the agroforestry matrix is still detrimental. Nevertheless, it is important to maintain the complexity of the agroforestry system and connectivity with the neighbouring continuous forest to favour the long-term sustainability of this environment and the conservation of endemic species.

中文翻译：

---

遮荫树的存在和到森林的距离会影响咖啡家庭花园中陆生脊椎动物的检测率吗？

复杂的农林业系统可以拥有与相邻连续森林相似的生物多样性水平，并可以为野生动物提供重要的生态系统服务。栖息在邻近森林的物种以及偏爱农林业系统的物种都可以从这种栖息地矩阵中受益。然而，有必要了解对这种复杂基质的物种特异性适应性。印度尼西亚是生物多样性热点地区，拥有许多濒临灭绝的特有物种。它的人口严重依赖农业，这意味着在作物生产力和生物多样性之间找到平衡是当地社区和野生动物长期可持续发展的关键。我们的目标是确定遮荫树的存在和到森林的距离对咖啡家庭花园中野生动物检测率的影响。在西爪哇，印度尼西亚，我们在 2018 年 4 月至 2021 年 3 月期间通过相机陷阱监测了 23 个花园，总共监测了 3856 天的遮荫花园和 3338 天的阳光暴露花园。我们还在附近的山地雨林中收集了数据，总共监测了 1183 天。我们使用广义加性模型来估计阴影覆盖和到森林的距离对野生动物检测率的影响。巽他豹猫Prionailurus javanensis在遮荫花园中更常见，并且使用森林和农林基质。野猪Sus scrofa主要出现在靠近森林的花园中，而条斑鹌鹑Turnix suscitator则与远离森林（> 1 公里）的花园有关。一些物种（灵猫灵猫和Paradoxus musangus爪哇，霍斯菲尔德的树鼩目树鼩爪哇，爪哇鼬獾Melogale侧柏，爪哇獴獴属爪哇) 不受树荫覆盖和与森林距离的影响，表明它们很好地适应了农林业系统。尽管如此，具有高度保护重要性的物种，例如爪哇豹Panthera pardus melas、Sunda porcupine Hystrix javanica和灰叶叶猴Presbytis comata存在于森林中，但不在农林林中，这表明农林复合林对森林的替代是仍然有害。然而，重要的是保持农林业系统的复杂性以及与邻近连续森林的连通性，以促进该环境的长期可持续性和地方物种的保护。