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Comparing Islamic and International Laws of War: Orthodoxy, “Heresy,” and Secularization in the Category of Civilians
American Journal of Comparative Law ( IF 0.951 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-30 , DOI: 10.1093/ajcl/avab001
Lena Salaymeh 1, 2
Affiliation  

This Article investigates how contemporary laws of war rationalize civilian deaths. I concentrate on two specific legal constructions in warfare: the definition of civilian/combatant and the principle of distinction. (The categories of civilian and combatant should be understood as dialogically constitutive and not entirely distinct. In addition, the category of “civilian” is a modern one and premodern legal sources often do not use one term to refer to noncombatants.) I focus on two significant parties in contemporary warfare: al-Qāʿidah (aka Al-Qaeda) and the U.S. military. Al-Qāʿidah diverges from orthodox Islamic law on these two legal issues, while remaining within the Islamic legal tradition. To scrutinize the nature of this divergence, I compare al-Qāʿidah’s legal reasoning to the legal reasoning of the U.S. military. I demonstrate that the U.S. military diverges from orthodox international law in ways that parallel how al-Qāʿidah diverges from orthodox Islamic law. Specifically, both the U.S. military and al-Qāʿidah elide orthodox categories of civilians and expand the category of combatant, primarily by rendering civilians as probable combatants. Based on this comparative analysis, I argue that the legal reasoning of al-Qāʿidah (and other militant Islamist groups) is as secular as it is Islamic; I call this fusion secularislamized law.

中文翻译:

比较伊斯兰和国际战争法:平民类别中的正统、“异端”和世俗化

本文探讨当代战争法如何使平民死亡合理化。我专注于战争中的两个具体法律结构:平民/战斗人员的定义和区分原则。(平民和战斗人员的类别应该被理解为对话构成的,而不是完全不同的。此外,“平民”的类别是现代的,前现代的法律资料通常不使用一个术语来指代非战斗人员。)当代战争中的两个重要政党:基地组织(又名基地组织)和美军。Al-Qāʿidah 在这两个法律问题上与正统的伊斯兰法律有所不同,但仍保留在伊斯兰法律传统之内。为了仔细研究这种分歧的性质,我将 al-Qāʿidah 的法律推理与美军的法律推理进行了比较。我证明美国军队与正统国际法的分歧与基地组织与正统伊斯兰法的分歧相似。具体来说,美军和基地组织都摒弃了正统的平民类别,扩大了战斗人员的类别,主要是通过将平民视为可能的战斗人员。基于这种比较分析,我认为 al-Qāʿidah(和其他激进的伊斯兰组织)的法律推理既是世俗的,也是伊斯兰教的;我称这种融合世俗化的法律。基于这种比较分析,我认为 al-Qāʿidah(和其他激进的伊斯兰组织)的法律推理既是世俗的,也是伊斯兰教的;我称这种融合世俗化的法律。基于这种比较分析,我认为 al-Qāʿidah(和其他激进的伊斯兰组织)的法律推理既是世俗的,也是伊斯兰教的;我称这种融合世俗化的法律。
更新日期:2021-07-30
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