While much of the federal Department of Justice’s policing bureaucracy was in retrenchment from the 1880s and 1890s, the Indian Territories was the site of some of the most aggressive policing in the nation’s history. Specifically, a series of reforms in US-Indian relations permitted a high level of federal involvement in policing and the management of local order. Using original demographic data on US deputy marshals and criminal gangs active in the Indian Territories, as well as an analysis of media coverage of Oklahoma crime, this article shows that this explosion of state-building was due, in part, to the ways in which kinship rules in Oklahoma allowed racially ambiguous inhabitants to be castigated as “outlaws.” This, in turn, opened up space for the federal marshal apparatus—which was primarily white—to expand its role as the purveyors of local law and order in a manner that had never been possible in the South.

中文翻译：

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19 世纪俄克拉荷马州的姻亲、亡命之徒和国家形成

虽然联邦司法部的大部分警务官僚机构从 1880 年代和 1890 年代开始缩减，但印度领土是该国历史上一些最激进的警务工作的所在地。具体而言，美印关系的一系列改革允许联邦政府高度参与治安和地方秩序管理。本文使用关于活跃在印度领土上的美国副元帅和犯罪团伙的原始人口统计数据，以及对俄克拉荷马州犯罪的媒体报道的分析，表明这种国家建设的爆炸性部分是由于俄克拉荷马州的亲属关系规则允许种族模糊的居民被谴责为“不法之徒”。这反过来，