当前位置: X-MOL 学术J. Royal Soc. Interface › 论文详情
Our official English website, www.x-mol.net, welcomes your feedback! (Note: you will need to create a separate account there.)
Scaling of urban income inequality in the USA
Journal of The Royal Society Interface ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-04 , DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0223
Elisa Heinrich Mora 1, 2 , Cate Heine 2, 3 , Jacob J Jackson 2, 4 , Geoffrey B West 2 , Vicky Chuqiao Yang 2 , Christopher P Kempes 2
Affiliation  

Urban scaling analysis, the study of how aggregated urban features vary with the population of an urban area, provides a promising framework for discovering commonalities across cities and uncovering dynamics shared by cities across time and space. Here, we use the urban scaling framework to study an important, but under-explored feature in this community—income inequality. We propose a new method to study the scaling of income distributions by analysing total income scaling in population percentiles. We show that income in the least wealthy decile (10%) scales close to linearly with city population, while income in the most wealthy decile scale with a significantly superlinear exponent. In contrast to the superlinear scaling of total income with city population, this decile scaling illustrates that the benefits of larger cities are increasingly unequally distributed. For the poorest income deciles, cities have no positive effect over the null expectation of a linear increase. We repeat our analysis after adjusting income by housing cost, and find similar results. We then further analyse the shapes of income distributions. First, we find that mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis of income distributions all increase with city size. Second, the Kullback–Leibler divergence between a city’s income distribution and that of the largest city decreases with city population, suggesting the overall shape of income distribution shifts with city population. As most urban scaling theories consider densifying interactions within cities as the fundamental process leading to the superlinear increase of many features, our results suggest this effect is only seen in the upper deciles of the cities. Our finding encourages future work to consider heterogeneous models of interactions to form a more coherent understanding of urban scaling.



中文翻译:

美国城市收入不平等的扩大

城市尺度分析是研究聚合的​​城市特征如何随城市地区人口变化的研究,为发现城市间的共性和揭示城市在时间和空间上共享的动态提供了一个有前景的框架。在这里,我们使用城市尺度框架来研究这个社区中一个重要但未被充分探索的特征——收入不平等。我们提出了一种通过分析人口百分位数的总收入比例来研究收入分配比例的新方法。我们表明,最不富裕的十分位 (10%) 的收入与城市人口的比例接近线性,而最富有的十分位的收入具有显着的超线性指数。与总收入与城市人口的超线性比例相比,这种十分位数的比例表明,大城市的利益分配越来越不均。对于最贫困的收入十分位数,城市对线性增长的零预期没有积极影响。我们在根据住房成本调整收入后重复我们的分析,并发现类似的结果。然后我们进一步分析收入分配的形状。首先,我们发现收入分布的均值、方差、偏度和峰度都随着城市规模的增加而增加。其次,一个城市的收入分配与最大城市的收入分配之间的 Kullback-Leibler 差异随着城市人口的增加而减小,这表明收入分配的整体形状随着城市人口的变化而变化。由于大多数城市尺度理论将城市内的密集化互动视为导致许多特征超线性增加的基本过程,我们的研究结果表明,这种影响只出现在城市的上十分位数。我们的发现鼓励未来的工作考虑交互的异构模型,以形成对城市规模的更连贯的理解。

更新日期:2021-08-04
down
wechat
bug