Abstract

Chrysanthemum is a significant genus belonging to one of the largest plant families, the Asteraceae. Among the over 40 recognized species, C. morifolium is best-known for its long history of cultivation and countless varieties. Like some other genera of this family, many Chrysanthemum species are producers of high levels of secondary metabolites. This review focuses on the largest class of plant secondary metabolites, namely terpenoids produced by Chrysanthemum species. An extensive literature search revealed a total of 390 terpenoids from these species, which include 183 monoterpenoids and 207 sesquiterpenoids. While some terpenes are produced by almost all of the investigated varieties/species of Chrysanthemum, many terpenoids show specificity to certain varieties or species, indicating species-specific functions. The enzymes and genes participating in the pathways for terpene biosynthesis are also described. In addition to a general overview, in this review we focus on isoprenyl diphosphate synthases and terpene synthases, two enzyme classes pivotal for generating the chemical diversity of terpenes, as established by our analysis of two sequenced genomes of Chrysanthemum. While our knowledge about the biological functions of terpenoids in Chrysanthemum is limited, we discuss their functions in chemical defenses against insects and microbial pathogens. Finally, we present the prospects of understanding the molecular basis of terpene biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum and elucidating its biological significance, as well as the prospects of translational research on terpene-based applications.

摘要

菊花是一种重要的属，属于最大的植物科之一，菊科。在 40 多个公认的物种中，C. morifolium以其悠久的栽培历史和无数品种而闻名。与该科的其他一些属一样，许多菊花属能产生高水平的次生代谢物。本综述重点关注最大的一类植物次生代谢物，即菊花属植物产生的萜类化合物。广泛的文献搜索揭示了来自这些物种的总共 390 种萜类化合物，其中包括 183 种单萜类化合物和 207 种倍半萜类化合物。虽然几乎所有被调查的菊花品种/物种都会产生一些萜烯，许多萜类化合物对某些品种或物种表现出特异性，表明具有物种特异性功能。还描述了参与萜烯生物合成途径的酶和基因。除了一般概述，在这篇综述中，我们重点关注异戊二烯二磷酸合酶和萜烯合酶，这两种酶对产生萜烯的化学多样性至关重要，这是通过我们对菊花的两个测序基因组的分析确定的。虽然我们对菊花中萜类化合物的生物学功能的了解有限，但我们讨论了它们在化学防御昆虫和微生物病原体方面的功能。最后，我们提出了了解菊花萜生物合成分子基础的前景。 阐明其生物学意义，以及萜烯应用转化研究的前景。