ABSTRACT

In the present study, we investigated whether the longitudinal growth trajectories of executive functions (EF) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms are related. In addition, we investigated whether negative discipline moderated these longitudinal relations. The sample consisted of predominantly clinically referred preschoolers (N = 248, age 42–66 months at Time 1; 79.0% boys). Assessment occurred three times: at baseline, at 9 months, and at 18 months. EF was assessed with five EF tasks. ADHD symptoms (Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5) were reported by parents. Groups of medium to high and low negative discipline were based on mother- and father-reports (Parenting Practices Inventory). Growth curve models showed that EF generally increased and ADHD symptoms generally decreased over time. Parallel process models showed that there was no relation between the change in EF and the change in ADHD symptoms over time, suggesting no co-development. However, higher EF at baseline was related to lower ADHD symptoms at baseline. This was irrespective of whether children were exposed to high or low negative discipline. Overall, the results suggest that, while EF and ADHD symptoms are related, they develop independently across the preschool years.

摘要

在本研究中，我们调查了执行功能 (EF) 和注意力缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 症状的纵向增长轨迹是否相关。此外，我们调查了消极纪律是否会缓和这些纵向关系。样本主要由临床转诊的学龄前儿童组成（N= 248，时间 1 的年龄为 42-66 个月；79.0% 男孩）。评估进行了 3 次：基线时、9 个月时和 18 个月时。EF 通过五个 EF 任务进行评估。父母报告了 ADHD 症状（儿童行为检查表 1.5-5）。中到高和低负管教的组是基于母亲和父亲的报告（育儿实践清单）。生长曲线模型显示，随着时间的推移，EF 通常会增加，而 ADHD 症状通常会减少。并行过程模型表明，EF 的变化与 ADHD 症状随时间的变化之间没有关系，表明没有共同发展。然而，基线时较高的 EF 与基线时 ADHD 症状较低有关。这与儿童是否受到高或低的负面管教无关。总体而言，结果表明，