Pale swallowwort [Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar.; syn.: Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi] and black swallowwort [Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench; syn.: Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi] are invasive perennial viny milkweeds that have become prevalent across natural and managed habitats in northeastern North America. Southern blight of V. rossicum caused by the fungus Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu & Kimbr. was reported at a New York county park in 2008, resulting in a decline in V. rossicum stands. The disease outbreak and persistence of the pathogen highlighted the potential of A. rolfsii for Vincetoxicum spp. control. To better characterize A. rolfsii’s pathogenicity and biology, we studied virulence to adult Vincetoxicum spp., spatiotemporal attributes of the Southern blight epidemic at the discovery site over 4 yr, and sclerotial survival over 2 yr. Disease incidence and severity were high for both Vincetoxicum spp. in misting chamber experiments. The spatiotemporal spread patterns of Southern blight in V. rossicum suggest the epidemic in the first year of monitoring (2016) was already highly aggregated and that subsequent spread was limited and resulted in significant local aggregation. Sclerotial survival studies at two locations (Pittsford and Ithaca, NY) demonstrated the A. rolfsii isolates can overwinter in upstate New York and are pathogenic to Vincetoxicum spp. the subsequent season. However, shallow burial of sclerotia more rapidly reduced survival compared with placement on the soil surface. Overwinter survival of A. rolfsii sclerotia in New York is notable, as this pathogen is typically associated with subtropical and tropical regions. Broadcast applications of the pathogen would be needed for widespread Vincetoxicum control at a site, but even restricting releases to select locations would not prevent pathogen movement off-site via water or machinery. The known risks of the A. rolfsii isolate to other broadleaf plants in natural and agricultural settings suggest a low feasibility of use for the biological control of Vincetoxicum spp.

中文翻译：

---

纽约多年生燕菜 (Vincetoxicum spp.) 南方疫病

苍白燕菜[长春花(Kleopow) 巴巴尔。同义词：长春花(Kleopow) Borhidi] 和黑燕子 [长春花(L.) 门奇；同义词：长春花Kartesz & Gandhi] 是侵入性的多年生乙烯基乳草，在北美东北部的自然和受管理的栖息地中很普遍。南方疫病五、蔷薇真菌引起的茯苓(Curzi) CC Tu & Kimbr. 2008 年在纽约县公园被报道，导致五、蔷薇站立。疾病的爆发和病原体的持续存在凸显了A. rolfsii为了长春藤spp. 控制。为了更好地表征A. rolfsii的致病性和生物学，我们研究了对成​​人的毒力长春藤spp.，发现地点超过 4 年的南方疫病流行的时空属性，以及超过 2 年的菌核存活率。两者的发病率和严重程度都很高长春藤spp. 在雾化室实验中。南方疫病的时空传播格局五、蔷薇表明监测第一年（2016 年）的流行病已经高度聚集，随后的传播是有限的，并导致了显着的局部聚集。在两个地点（纽约州皮茨福德和伊萨卡）进行的菌核存活研究表明，A. rolfsii分离株可以在纽约州北部越冬并且对长春藤spp. 随后的赛季。然而，与放置在土壤表面相比，菌核的浅埋更快地降低了存活率。越冬生存A. rolfsii纽约的菌核是值得注意的，因为这种病原体通常与亚热带和热带地区有关。需要广泛传播病原体长春藤在现场进行控制，但即使将释放限制在选定地点也不会阻止病原体通过水或机械移出现场。已知的风险A. rolfsii在自然和农业环境中分离到其他阔叶植物表明用于生物控制的低可行性长春藤spp.