In recent years, microplastics (MPs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water have attracted widespread concern. In this study, bottled water (BW) samples from India were evaluated for both THMs and MPs, and their health risks were assessed. Forty-four samples of BW of 18 brands were tested and THMs were detected in all 44 BW samples tested. At least 1 THM was quantified in 20 BW samples, and all 4 THMs were found in 7 BW samples. The concentrations of chloroform (CHCl₃), bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl₂), dibromochloromethane (CHBr₂Cl), and bromoform (CHBr₃) were in the range of 234.8 ± 711.9, 243.3 ± 734.4, 162.7 ± 540.6, and 446.4 ± 1,042.3 ng/L, respectively. The total measured THM concentration ranged from 0.033 to 12.27 μg/L. MP particles ranged in size from 1 to 30 μm, were found in all tested samples, and were identified as either polypropylene or polyethylene terephthalate. The count and corresponding weight of MPs ranged between 20 ± 5 to 127 ± 35 particles/L and 56 ± 14 to 355.6 ± 98 mg/L, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations (50,000 iterations) were done to estimate the chronic daily intakes (CDI) of THMs and MPs, as well as the THM-associated cancer risk (CR) through ingestion of BW. The average CDI of THMs was 1.64 × 10⁻⁴ ± 6.29 × 10⁻⁵ mg/(kg·day) and the associated CR ranged from a minimum of 4.89 × 10⁻⁷ to a maximum CR of 1.9 × 10⁻⁵. The CDI for MPs was 7 ± 2.61 mg/(kg·day), resulting in a yearly intake of 153.3 g. THMs were detected in BW samples even though they had not been chlorinated. Overall, the quantitative information provided through this study has major implications for the consumption of BW with plastic packaging.

中文翻译：

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瓶装水中三卤甲烷和微塑料的发生率和潜在健康风险

近年来，饮用水中的微塑料（MPs）和三卤甲烷（THMs）引起了广泛关注。在这项研究中，对来自印度的瓶装水 (BW) 样品进行了 THM 和 MP 的评估，并评估了它们的健康风险。对 18 个品牌的 44 个 BW 样品进行了检测，所有 44 个 BW 样品均检测到 THMs。在 20 个 BW 样品中至少量化了 1 个 THM，并且在 7 个 BW 样品中发现了所有 4 个 THM。氯仿 (CHCl ₃ )、溴二氯甲烷 (CHBrCl ₂ )、二溴氯甲烷 (CHBr ₂ Cl) 和溴仿 (CHBr ₃) 分别在 234.8 ± 711.9、243.3 ± 734.4、162.7 ± 540.6 和 446.4 ± 1,042.3 ng/L 的范围内。测得的总 THM 浓度范围为 0.033 至 12.27 μg/L。在所有测试样品中都发现了尺寸范围为 1 至 30 μm 的 MP 颗粒，并被确定为聚丙烯或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。MPs 的计数和相应的重量分别在 20 ± 5 至 127 ± 35 个颗粒/L 和 56 ± 14 至 355.6 ± 98 mg/L 之间。进行蒙特卡罗模拟（50,000 次迭代）以估计 THM 和 MP 的慢性每日摄入量 (CDI)，以及通过摄入 BW 与 THM 相关的癌症风险 (CR)。THM 的平均 CDI 为 1.64 × 10 ^-4  ± 6.29 × 10 ^-5 mg/(kg·day)，相关的 CR 最低为 4.89 × 10 ^-7至1.9 × 10 ^-5的最大CR 。MPs 的 CDI 为 7 ± 2.61 mg/(kg·day)，因此每年摄入量为 153.3 g。BW 样品中检测到 THM，即使它们没有经过氯化处理。总体而言，通过本研究提供的定量信息对塑料包装 BW 的消费具有重大意义。