Cognitive and physical training have been shown to be effective in improving older adults' cognition. However, it is not yet clear whether combined cognitive and physical training offers an advantage compared to cognitive training alone. Twenty-two older adults performed cognitive or combined cognitive and physical training in order to compare their effects on working memory event-related potentials (ERPs) and on working memory and executive function performance. Before and after eight weeks of training, performance in Plus Minus, Flanker, Updated Span, and Complex Span tasks was measured, and ERPs were registered during performance of an n-back task (0-back, 2-back, and 3-back). Post-training behavioural improvement was observed in Updated Span, Complex Span, and n-back tasks. During the n-back task, the N2/P3 complex was modulated by training, with a decrease in N2 amplitude and an increase in P3 amplitude in the posttraining session compared to the pretraining session. These changes in ERP components suggest that both types of training potentially reduce the need for attentional control to perform the tasks correctly and increase working memory capacity. Thus, based on our data, no conclusion can be reached on the direct advantage of combined training, either at behavioural or at neural level. However, the present study might suggest an indirect advantage of such a combined training, because the cognitive benefit was found to be highly similar in both types of training. Using combined cognitive and physical training may produce a potential improvement in general fitness and an increased appeal of training.

中文翻译：

---

认知和联合认知与体育训练对健康老年人工作记忆和执行功能的行为和 ERP 影响。

认知和体能训练已被证明可有效提高老年人的认知能力。然而，与单独的认知训练相比，认知和身体训练相结合是否具有优势尚不清楚。22 名老年人进行了认知或认知和身体训练相结合，以比较他们对工作记忆事件相关电位 (ERP) 以及对工作记忆和执行功能表现的影响。在八周的训练前后，测量了 Plus Minus、Flanker、Updated Span 和 Complex Span 任务的表现，并在执行 n-back 任务（0-back、2-back 和 3-back ）。在更新跨度、复杂跨度和 n-back 任务中观察到训练后行为改善。在 n-back 任务期间，N2/P3 复合体通过训练进行调节，与训练前相比，训练后训练后 N2 幅度降低，P3 幅度增加。ERP 组件的这些变化表明，两种类型的培训都可能减少注意力控制的需求，以正确执行任务并增加工作记忆容量。因此，根据我们的数据，无法就组合训练的直接优势得出结论，无论是在行为层面还是在神经层面。然而，本研究可能表明这种联合训练的间接优势，因为在两种类型的训练中发现认知益处高度相似。使用认知和体能训练相结合可能会改善一般健康状况并增加训练的吸引力。与训练前相比，训练后 N2 幅度降低，P3 幅度增加。ERP 组件的这些变化表明，两种类型的培训都可能减少注意力控制的需求，以正确执行任务并增加工作记忆容量。因此，根据我们的数据，无法就组合训练的直接优势得出结论，无论是在行为层面还是在神经层面。然而，本研究可能表明这种联合训练的间接优势，因为在两种类型的训练中发现认知益处高度相似。使用认知和体能训练相结合可能会改善一般健康状况并增加训练的吸引力。与训练前相比，训练后 N2 幅度降低，P3 幅度增加。ERP 组件的这些变化表明，两种类型的培训都可能减少注意力控制的需求，以正确执行任务并增加工作记忆容量。因此，根据我们的数据，无法就组合训练的直接优势得出结论，无论是在行为层面还是在神经层面。然而，本研究可能表明这种联合训练的间接优势，因为在两种类型的训练中发现认知益处高度相似。使用认知和体能训练相结合可能会改善一般健康状况并增加训练的吸引力。