Designing energy-efficient and secure cryptographic circuits in low-frequency medical devices are challenging due to low-energy requirements. Also, the conventional CMOS logic-based cryptographic circuits solutions in medical devices can be vulnerable to side-channel attacks (e.g. correlation power analysis (CPA)). In this article, we explored single-rail Clocked CMOS Adiabatic Logic (CCAL) to design an energy-efficient and secure cryptographic circuit for low-frequency medical devices. The performance of the CCAL logic-based circuits was checked with a power clock generator (2N2P-PCG) integrated into the design for the frequency range of 50 kHz to 250 kHz. The CCAL logic gates show an average of approximately 48% energy-saving and more than 95% improvement in security metrics performance compared to its CMOS logic gate counterparts. Further, the CCAL based circuits are also compared for energy-saving performance against dual-rail adiabatic logic, 2-EE-SPFAL, and 2-SPGAL. The adiabatic CCAL gates save on an average of 55% energy saving compared to 2-EE-SPFAL and 2-SPGAL over the frequency range of 50 kHz to 250 kHz. To check the efficacy of CCAL to design a larger cryptographic circuit, we implemented a case-study design of a Substitution-box (S-box) of popular lightweight PRESENT-80 encryption. The case-study implementation (2N2P-PCG integrated into the design) using CCAL shows more than 95% energy saving compared to CMOS for the frequency 50 kHz to 125 kHz and around 60% energy saving at frequency 250 kHz. At 250 kHz, compared to the dual-rail adiabatic designs of S-box based on 2-EE-SPFAL and 2-SPGAL, the CCAL based S-box shows 32.67% and 11.21% of energy savings, respectively. Additionally, the CCAL logic gate structure requires a lesser number of transistors compared to dual-rail adiabatic logic. The case-study implementation using CCAL saves 45.74% and 34.88% transistor counts compared to 2-EE-SPFAL and 2-SPGAL. The article also presents the effect of varying tank capacitance in 2N2P-PCG over energy efficiency and security performance. The CCAL based case-study was also subjected against CPA. The CCAL-based S-box case study successfully protects the revelation of the encryption key against the CPA attack, However, the key was revealed in CMOS-based case-study implementation.

中文翻译：

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用于低频医疗设备中节能和抗 CPA 加密电路的单轨绝热逻辑

由于低能耗要求，在低频医疗设备中设计节能且安全的密码电路具有挑战性。此外，医疗设备中传统的基于 CMOS 逻辑的密码电路解决方案可能容易受到侧信道攻击（例如相关功率分析 (CPA)）。在本文中，我们探索了单轨时钟 CMOS 绝热逻辑 (CCAL)，以设计用于低频医疗设备的节能且安全的加密电路。使用集成到设计中的电源时钟发生器 (2N2P-PCG) 检查基于 CCAL 逻辑的电路的性能，频率范围为 50 kHz 至 250 kHz。与 CMOS 逻辑门对应物相比，CCAL 逻辑门平均节能约 48%，安全指标性能提高 95% 以上。更远，还比较了基于 CCAL 的电路与双轨绝热逻辑、2-EE-SPFAL 和 2-SPGAL 的节能性能。在 50 kHz 至 250 kHz 的频率范围内，与 2-EE-SPFAL 和 2-SPGAL 相比，绝热 CCAL 门平均节省 55% 的能量。为了检查 CCAL 设计更大密码电路的功效，我们实施了流行的轻量级 PRESENT-80 加密的替换盒 (S-box) 的案例研究设计。与 CMOS 相比，使用 CCAL 的案例研究实施（设计中集成了 2N2P-PCG）显示，在 50 kHz 至 125 kHz 的频率下节能超过 95%，在 250 kHz 的频率下节能约 60%。在 250 kHz 时，与基于 2-EE-SPFAL 和 2-SPGAL 的 S-box 双轨绝热设计相比，基于 CCAL 的 S-box 分别显示出 32.67% 和 11.21% 的节能效果。此外，与双轨绝热逻辑相比，CCAL 逻辑门结构需要较少数量的晶体管。与 2-EE-SPFAL 和 2-SPGAL 相比，使用 CCAL 的案例研究实现节省了 45.74% 和 34.88% 的晶体管数量。本文还介绍了 2N2P-PCG 中不同的储能电容对能效和安全性能的影响。基于 CCAL 的案例研究也针对 CPA。基于 CCAL 的 S-box 案例研究成功地保护了加密密钥的泄露免受 CPA 攻击，但是，密钥在基于 CMOS 的案例研究实现中被泄露。本文还介绍了 2N2P-PCG 中不同的储能电容对能效和安全性能的影响。基于 CCAL 的案例研究也针对 CPA。基于 CCAL 的 S-box 案例研究成功地保护了加密密钥的泄露免受 CPA 攻击，但是，密钥在基于 CMOS 的案例研究实现中被泄露。本文还介绍了 2N2P-PCG 中不同的储能电容对能效和安全性能的影响。基于 CCAL 的案例研究也针对 CPA。基于 CCAL 的 S-box 案例研究成功地保护了加密密钥的泄露免受 CPA 攻击，但是，密钥在基于 CMOS 的案例研究实现中被泄露。