ABSTRACT

Monolithic components are often insufficient when a combination of conflicting properties, or a variation in properties at different regions within a material is required. Functionally graded composite materials (FGCM) are a relatively new class of materials with a systematic variation of the composition, microstructure, and properties along one direction. The graded structure offers tailorable property combinations not achievable with monolithic composites and significant recent research has been carried out on their development. An effort has been made in this article to review the latest developments on bulk FGCMs since 2015. The different processing techniques used for their fabrication have been discussed, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and recent advancements pertaining to FGCM fabrication. Various physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of FGCMs have been treated separately, and wherever possible, summary plots combining data from various research articles have been developed. Finally, potential areas for directing future FGCM research have been identified.

Abbreviations: AM: Additive manufacturing; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; ATZ: Alumina toughened zirconia; BCP: Biphasic calcium phosphate; BEI or BSE: Backscattered electron images; BG: Bioactive glass; CAD: Computer aided design; CDHAp: Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite; CNT: Carbon nanotube; CoCGO: Cobalt and gadolinium doped ceria; CTE: Coefficient of thermal expansion; DED: Direct energy deposition; DIC: Digital image correlation; ELDS: Electro discharge sintering; EDX: Energy dispersive x-ray analyser; FDM: Fused deposition modelling; FGCC: Functionally graded cemented carbides; FGCM: Functionally graded composite materials; FGHM: Functionally graded hard metals; FSP: Friction stir processing; FSW: Friction stir welding; GDI: Graded density impactor; HA: Hydroxyapatite; HIP: Hot isostatic pressing; LCM: Lithography based ceramic manufacturing; LDMD: Laser direct metal deposition; LMD: Laser metal deposition; LSCF: Lanthanum cobalt ferrite; MLG: Multilayered graphene; MMC: Metal matrix composites; MWCNT: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; PAS: Plasma activated sintering; PFC: Plasma facing components; PM: Powder metallurgy; RHA: Rice husk ash; RVE: Representative volume element; SEM: Scanning electron microscope; SHAp: Stoichiometric hydroxyapatite; SLA: Stereolithography; SLM: Selective laser melting; SLS: Selective laser sintering; SOFC: Solid oxide fuel cells; SPS: Spark plasma sintering; TEM: Transmission electron microscope; UHTC: Ultra-high temperature ceramics; WAAM: Wire arc additive manufacturing; YSZ: Yttria stabilized zirconia

摘要

当需要组合相互冲突的特性或材料内不同区域的特性变化时，单片组件通常是不够的。功能梯度复合材料 (FGCM) 是一类相对较新的材料，其成分、微观结构和性能沿一个方向系统变化。分级结构提供了整体复合材料无法实现的可定制的性能组合，并且最近对它们的开发进行了重要的研究。本文试图回顾自 2015 年以来块状 FGCM 的最新发展。讨论了用于制造它们的不同加工技术，强调了它们的优势、局限性以及与 FGCM 制造有关的最新进展。各种物理、机械、FGCM 的热特性和热特性已经分开处理，并且在可能的情况下，已经开发了结合来自各种研究文章的数据的汇总图。最后，确定了指导未来 FGCM 研究的潜在领域。

缩写：AM：增材制造；ANOVA：方差分析；ATZ：氧化铝增韧氧化锆；BCP：双相磷酸钙；BEI 或 BSE：背散射电子图像；BG：生物活性玻璃；CAD：计算机辅助设计；CDHAp：缺钙羟基磷灰石；CNT：碳纳米管；CoCGO：钴和钆掺杂的二氧化铈；CTE：热膨胀系数；DED：直接能量沉积；DIC：数字图像相关；ELDS：放电烧结；EDX：能量色散X射线分析仪；FDM：熔融沉积建模；FGCC：功能分级硬质合金；FGCM：功能梯度复合材料；FGHM：功能分级硬质合金；FSP：摩擦搅拌处理；FSW：搅拌摩擦焊；GDI：分级密度冲击器；HA：羟基磷灰石；HIP：热等静压；LCM：基于光刻的陶瓷制造；LDMD：激光直接金属沉积；LMD：激光金属沉积；LSCF：镧钴铁氧体；MLG：多层石墨烯；MMC：金属基复合材料；MWCNT：多壁碳纳米管；PAS：等离子活化烧结；PFC：面向等离子的组件；PM：粉末冶金；RHA：稻壳灰；RVE：代表体积元素；SEM：扫描电子显微镜；SHAp：化学计量羟基磷灰石；SLA：立体光刻；SLM：选择性激光熔化；SLS：选择性激光烧结；SOFC：固体氧化物燃料电池；SPS：火花等离子烧结；TEM：透射电子显微镜；UHTC：超高温陶瓷；WAAM：电弧增材制造；YSZ：氧化钇稳定氧化锆 多壁碳纳米管；PAS：等离子活化烧结；PFC：面向等离子的组件；PM：粉末冶金；RHA：稻壳灰；RVE：代表体积元素；SEM：扫描电子显微镜；SHAp：化学计量羟基磷灰石；SLA：立体光刻；SLM：选择性激光熔化；SLS：选择性激光烧结；SOFC：固体氧化物燃料电池；SPS：火花等离子烧结；TEM：透射电子显微镜；UHTC：超高温陶瓷；WAAM：电弧增材制造；YSZ：氧化钇稳定氧化锆 多壁碳纳米管；PAS：等离子活化烧结；PFC：面向等离子的组件；PM：粉末冶金；RHA：稻壳灰；RVE：代表体积元素；SEM：扫描电子显微镜；SHAp：化学计量羟基磷灰石；SLA：立体光刻；SLM：选择性激光熔化；SLS：选择性激光烧结；SOFC：固体氧化物燃料电池；SPS：火花等离子烧结；TEM：透射电子显微镜；UHTC：超高温陶瓷；WAAM：电弧增材制造；YSZ：氧化钇稳定氧化锆 SOFC：固体氧化物燃料电池；SPS：火花等离子烧结；TEM：透射电子显微镜；UHTC：超高温陶瓷；WAAM：电弧增材制造；YSZ：氧化钇稳定氧化锆 SOFC：固体氧化物燃料电池；SPS：火花等离子烧结；TEM：透射电子显微镜；UHTC：超高温陶瓷；WAAM：电弧增材制造；YSZ：氧化钇稳定氧化锆