Vertebrate immune systems suppress viral infection using both innate restriction factors and adaptive immunity. Viruses mutate to escape these defenses, driving hosts to counterevolve to regain fitness. This cycle recurs repeatedly, resulting in an evolutionary arms race whose outcome depends on the pace and likelihood of adaptation by host and viral genes. Although viruses evolve faster than their vertebrate hosts, their proteins are subject to numerous functional constraints that impact the probability of adaptation. These constraints are globally defined by evolutionary landscapes, which describe the fitness and adaptive potential of all possible mutations. We review deep mutational scanning experiments mapping the evolutionary landscapes of both host and viral proteins engaged in arms races. For restriction factors and some broadly neutralizing antibodies, landscapes favor the host, which may help to level the evolutionary playing field against rapidly evolving viruses. We discuss the biophysical underpinnings of these landscapes and their therapeutic implications.

中文翻译：

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宿主病毒军备竞赛的进化景观

脊椎动物免疫系统利用先天限制因子和适应性免疫来抑制病毒感染。病毒通过变异来逃避这些防御，驱使宿主进行反向进化以恢复健康。这个循环反复出现，导致进化军备竞赛，其结果取决于宿主和病毒基因适应的速度和可能性。尽管病毒比它们的脊椎动物宿主进化得更快，但它们的蛋白质受到许多功能限制，影响适应的可能性。这些限制是由进化景观全局定义的，它描述了所有可能突变的适应性和适应潜力。我们回顾了深度突变扫描实验，绘制了参与军备竞赛的宿主和病毒蛋白的进化图谱。对于限制因素和一些广泛中和的抗体，环境对宿主有利，这可能有助于为快速进化的病毒创造公平的进化环境。我们讨论这些景观的生物物理基础及其治疗意义。