Tram manufacturers have different ways of approaching the design of low-floor trams with compact and reliable running gears, and therefore several tram architectures can still be found. A complete standardization of trams is nearly impossible, and technical innovations can be more easily introduced if compared to conventional railway vehicles, but the trend towards large-scale standardization based on vehicle “platforms” can be seen in recent years. However, the current “standard” tram architecture, which includes only non-pivoting bogies, is not able to solve some typical problems of tram operations, such as high wheel and rail wear and high-pitched tonal noise (squeal) in sharp curves, which are described in the present paper. This research analyses the tram market with the aim of describing the state of the art of currently available products and comparing their main technical parameters. The analysis is based on information available from the literatures (journals, web) where data about the vehicles can be found, while a new designation code (tram architecture designation, TAD for short) is specifically introduced for easier identification of the different tram architectures. Even if the complete low floor is still one of the main requested features, several solutions combining pivoting and non-pivoting bogies are commercially available, showing a tendency to give more relevance to running quality performance with respect to the recent past.

有轨电车制造商有不同的方法来设计具有紧凑和可靠运行装置的低地板有轨电车，因此仍然可以找到几种有轨电车架构。有轨电车的完全标准化几乎是不可能的，与传统的铁路车辆相比，技术创新更容易引入，但近年来基于车辆“平台”的大规模标准化趋势可见一斑。然而，目前仅包括非旋转转向架的“标准”有轨电车架构并不能解决有轨电车运行的一些典型问题，例如高车轮和钢轨磨损以及急转弯时的高音调噪音（尖叫声），在本文中进行了描述。本研究分析了有轨电车市场，旨在描述当前可用产品的最新技术并比较它们的主要技术参数。分析基于可从文献（期刊、网络）中获得的信息，在这些文献中可以找到有关车辆的数据，同时专门引入了新的名称代码（电车架构名称，简称 TAD），以便更轻松地识别不同的电车架构。即使完整的低地板仍然是主要要求的功能之一，几种结合枢轴和非枢轴转向架的解决方案已经上市，与最近的过去相比，显示出与运行质量性能更相关的趋势。web) 可以找到有关车辆的数据，同时专门引入了新的名称代码（电车架构名称，简称 TAD），以便更轻松地识别不同的电车架构。即使完整的低地板仍然是主要要求的功能之一，几种结合枢轴和非枢轴转向架的解决方案已经上市，与最近的过去相比，显示出与运行质量性能更相关的趋势。web) 可以找到有关车辆的数据，同时专门引入了新的名称代码（电车架构名称，简称 TAD），以便更轻松地识别不同的电车架构。即使完整的低地板仍然是主要要求的功能之一，几种结合枢轴和非枢轴转向架的解决方案已经上市，与最近的过去相比，显示出与运行质量性能更相关的趋势。