— Food security held a central place in the hygienist project to improve the quality of milk. While it may be difficult to grasp the question of milk and dairy products globally in hygienist discourse, this article proposes a focused study of two specific ‘œuvres de la goutte de lait’ (‘drop of milk’—the name given to specific social projects for milk quality) at Besançon and Bar-le-Duc in Eastern France. The ‘œuvre de la goutte de lait’ was an institution that sought to supply healthy milk to mothers who were unable to suckle their babies. This preoccupation with infant hygiene was allied to the development of pediatrics and childcare. Milk as a foodstuff was at the heart of the hygienist project of the turn of the twentieth century: on the one hand, it could carry tuberculosis, and was thus suspect; on the other, it provided an alternative to the problems of maternal breastfeeding. These projects helped contribute more broadly to the development of a municipal hygienics that was an essential characteristic of the emerging modern state in France.

中文翻译：

---

法国东部的牛奶和卫生：贝桑松的“goutte de lait”和 Bar-le-Duc 的“uvre du bon lait”（十九世纪末至二十世纪初）

— 食品安全在提高牛奶质量的卫生项目中占据中心位置。虽然在卫生学家的话语中可能难以理解全球牛奶和奶制品的问题，但本文提出了对两个特定的“牛奶滴”（“牛奶滴”——特定社会项目的名称）的重点研究牛奶质量）在法国东部的 Besançon 和 Bar-le-Duc。'œuvre de la goutte de lait' 是一个旨在为无法哺乳婴儿的母亲提供健康母乳的机构。这种对婴儿卫生的关注与儿科和儿童保育的发展有关。牛奶作为食品是 20 世纪之交卫生学家计划的核心：一方面，它可能携带肺结核，因此受到怀疑；在另一，它为产妇母乳喂养问题提供了替代方案。这些项目有助于更广泛地促进城市卫生的发展，这是法国新兴现代国家的基本特征。