ABSTRACT

This comparative investigation aimed to evaluate controlling factors for the changes of chemical and microbial properties in soils taken from chemical fertilizer experiments carried out mainly in Chernozem and Andosol in Hungary and Japan, respectively. The plant available nutrient content of the soil, the stock of C and N and the soil microbial parameters of the carbon and nitrogen cycles were examined under different land-use and vegetation. In the Japanese soils, there was about 2–3 times higher organic C content than in Hungarian soils. The average CO₂-production was about 1.5 times higher in Hungary soils than Japanese soils, and significantly increased (9–37%) in the fertilized treatments compared to control in all Hungarian long-term experiments. Regarding the Hungarian soils, the NPK-fertilization especially increased the nitrate and phosphorus content of soils, among the microbial parameters of the CO₂-production, MBC, MBN, net nitrification, saccharase and urease activities – in most cases significantly increased – among the six microbial examined parameters. With reference to Japanese soils, the nitrogen fertilization especially increased the nitrate and phosphorus content of soils and had the highest effect on the microbiological parameters in the forest soil, where the MBC, MBN, net nitrification, saccharase and urease activities increased significantly. Only the net nitrification increased significantly in the fertilized treatments in the all Numata experiments, and generally 10–100 times higher values were found in the Japanese soils than in the Hungarian ones. The microbial activity decreased according to land use in the following order: maize>forest>grassland in Hungary soils, and forest>grassland>apple orchards in Japanese soils. These results confirm that climate conditions and human activity have important impacts on the C and N cycles of the soil–plant–atmosphere system. Based on our results, it appears that land-use and chemical fertilization resulted in a larger change in the stock of organic matter and soil microbiological processes in the Hungarian long-term experiments compared to the Japanese experiments.

摘要

这项比较调查旨在评估化学肥料试验中土壤化学和微生物特性变化的控制因素，这些试验主要分别在匈牙利和日本的黑钙土和安多索尔进行。考察了不同土地利用和植被下土壤植物速效养分含量、碳氮库和碳氮循环土壤微生物参数。在日本土壤中，有机碳含量是匈牙利土壤的 2-3 倍。平均CO ₂-匈牙利土壤的产量大约是日本土壤的 1.5 倍，与所有匈牙利长期实验中的对照相比，施肥处理的产量显着增加（9-37%）。对于匈牙利土壤，在 CO _{2的微生物参数中，施氮磷钾肥尤其增加了土壤的硝酸盐和磷含量}-在六个微生物检查参数中，生产、MBC、MBN、净硝化、糖化酶和脲酶活性——在大多数情况下显着增加。以日本土壤为例，施氮肥尤其增加了土壤的硝酸盐和磷含量，对森林土壤微生物参数的影响最大，其中MBC、MBN、净硝化、糖酶和脲酶活性显着增加。在所有 Numata 试验中，只有施肥处理的净硝化作用显着增加，日本土壤的值通常比匈牙利土壤高 10-100 倍。微生物活性随着土地利用的不同而降低，顺序为：玉米>森林>匈牙利土壤中的草地，森林>草地> 日本土壤中的苹果园。这些结果证实了气候条件和人类活动对土壤-植物-大气系统的碳和氮循环有重要影响。根据我们的结果，与日本的实验相比，在匈牙利的长期实验中，土地利用和化学施肥导致有机质和土壤微生物过程的变化更大。