The immune system employs recognition tools to communicate with its microbial evolutionary partner. Among all the methods of microbial perception, T cells enable the widest spectrum of microbial recognition resolution, ranging from the crudest detection of whole groups of microbes to the finest detection of specific antigens. The application of this recognition capability to the crucial task of combatting infections has been the focus of classical immunology. We now appreciate that the coevolution of the immune system and the microbiota has led to development of a lush immunological decision tree downstream of microbial recognition, of which an inflammatory response is but one branch. In this review we discuss known T cell–microbe interactions in the gut and place them in the context of an algorithmic framework of recognition, context-dependent interpretation, and response circuits across multiple levels of microbial recognition resolution. The malleability of T cells in response to the microbiota presents an opportunity to edit immune response cellularity, identity, and functionality by utilizing microbiota-controlled pathways to promote human health.

中文翻译：

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T 细胞对微生物群的反应

免疫系统利用识别工具与其微生物进化伙伴进行通信。在所有微生物感知方法中，T 细胞能够实现最广泛的微生物识别分辨率，范围从对整个微生物群的最粗略检测到对特定抗原的最精细检测。将这种识别能力应用于对抗感染的关键任务一直是经典免疫学的焦点。我们现在认识到，免疫系统和微生物群的共同进化导致了微生物识别下游的丰富的免疫决策树的发展，而炎症反应只是其中的一个分支。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了肠道中已知的 T 细胞与微生物的相互作用，并将它们置于识别算法框架、上下文相关解释和跨微生物识别分辨率多个级别的响应电路的背景下。 T 细胞对微生物群反应的可塑性提供了一个机会，通过利用微生物群控制的途径来编辑免疫反应细胞结构、身份和功能，以促进人类健康。