In this article we study the different recensions of the Ṣiffīn Arbitration Agreement and classify them into six different versions. Despite the differences in length and language among them, we note that these can be traced to a source document. We then highlight the key features and terminology found in the different versions of the Ṣiffīn Arbitration Agreement and observe the striking parallels that they share with the covenants attributed to the Prophet Muḥammad. We argue that the key political actors who composed the Ṣiffīn Arbitration Agreement were in all likelihood part of the same governing and administrative body that had a hand in drafting the Covenants. The startling similarities between the Ṣiffīn Arbitration Agreement and the Covenants therefore set the foundations for a comparative method that will help us better understand statecraft in the study of early Islam’s political documents.

中文翻译：

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Ṣiffīn 仲裁协议和早期伊斯兰政治文件中的治国之道

在本文中，我们研究了 Ṣiffīn 仲裁协议的不同修订版，并将它们分为六个不同的版本。尽管它们之间的长度和语言存在差异，但我们注意到这些可以追溯到源文档。然后，我们强调在不同版本的 Ṣiffīn 仲裁协议中发现的关键特征和术语，并观察它们与归因于先知穆罕默德的盟约的惊人相似之处。我们认为，组成 Ṣiffīn 仲裁协议的主要政治行为者很可能是参与起草公约的同一管理和行政机构的一部分。