ABSTRACT

The ongoing autocratisation processes in the last couple of years have led us to ask the question of how legislation is actually made in a political and legal environment in which illiberal and populist governments govern and systematically disregard the Rule of Law, democracy and relativize human rights protection. Our goal was not to investigate illiberalism as a whole, but, instead, examine the interrelationship between illiberal tendencies in government and the law-making process. Do illiberal states show evidence of a particular type of law-making process? Or do certain types of law-making process make it easier to have illiberal tendencies in government? This special issue collects the most prominent examples from Poland, Hungary, Turkey, Brazil, Italy, and Indonesia, and even if it is difficult to draw firm and over-arching conclusions from the different states surveyed in this issue, it is possible to tentatively identify some common themes. Firstly, some states reveal a strong reliance on pure majoritarian principle, the instrumental use of legislation, the increased use of accelerated legislative processes and omnibus legislation, disregard of compromised procedural and semi-procedural constitutional review of legislation. Secondly, there is the reduction of the importance of the citizen in the legislative process. Thirdly, illiberal projects are easier to implement in a parliamentary system than in a presidential system. Fourthly, the independence of the judiciary from the ruling party can be compromised where constitutional or supreme courts are “packed” by the executive with judges who can be seen to favour that ruling party.

摘要

过去几年持续的专制化进程使我们提出这样一个问题，即在非自由主义和民粹主义政府统治并系统地无视法治、民主和将人权保护相对化的政治和法律环境中，如何实际制定立法. 我们的目标不是从整体上调查非自由主义，而是研究政府中的非自由主义倾向与立法过程之间的相互关系。非自由主义国家是否展示了某种特定类型的立法过程的证据？或者某些类型的立法过程是否更容易在政府中产生不自由的倾向？本期特刊收集了波兰、匈牙利、土耳其、巴西、意大利和印度尼西亚最突出的例子，即使很难从本期所调查的不同国家中得出明确而全面的结论，也可以初步确定一些共同的主题。首先，一些州表现出对纯粹多数主义原则的强烈依赖，立法的工具性使用，加速立法程序和综合立法的更多使用，无视对立法的妥协程序和半程序宪法审查。其次，公民在立法过程中的重要性降低。第三，非自由项目在议会制中比在总统制中更容易实施。第四，