Background and Aims

Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) benefit from word learning procedures that include a mix of immediate retrieval and spaced retrieval trials. In this study, we examine the relative contribution of these two types of retrieval.

Methods

We examine data from Haebig et al. (2019) in their study that compared an immediate retrieval condition and a condition of spaced retrieval that also included immediate retrieval trials. Participants were 4- and 5-year old children with DLD and same-age peers with typical language development. Each child learned novel (made-up) words referring to unusual plants and animals in both conditions. We examined the phonetic accuracy of the novel words used during the final learning trial and during recall tests 5 min and 1 week after learning.

Results

On the final learning trial, the children were more phonetically accurate in using the novel words learned in the immediate retrieval condition. However, recall tests after the learning trials revealed a decrease in accuracy, especially for the children with DLD. After one week, accuracy was much lower for words in the immediate retrieval condition than for words in the mixed spaced-plus-immediate retrieval condition. For words learned in the mixed spaced-plus-immediate retrieval condition, accuracy was very stable across time for both groups.

Conclusions

Immediate retrieval boosts the phonetic accuracy of new words in the short term but spaced retrieval promotes stability and increases the likelihood that short-term gains are maintained.

Implications: When novel word learning is assessed at the level of phonetic accuracy, children with DLD can show declines over time not characteristic of children with typical language development. Spaced retrieval procedures augmented by immediate retrieval opportunities during learning appear to prevent such declines, leading to longer-lasting gains.

中文翻译：

---

即刻提取和间隔提取对发育性语言障碍学龄前儿童单词学习的贡献

背景和目标

患有发育性语言障碍 (DLD) 的儿童受益于单词学习程序，其中包括即时检索和间隔检索试验的组合。在这项研究中，我们检查了这两种检索类型的相对贡献。

方法

我们检查了 Haebig 等人的数据。(2019) 在他们的研究中比较了立即检索条件和间隔检索条件，其中还包括立即检索试验。参与者是患有 DLD 的 4 岁和 5 岁儿童以及具有典型语言发展的同龄同龄人。在这两种情况下，每个孩子都学习了新的（编造的）词来指代不寻常的植物和动物。我们检查了在最终学习试验和学习后 5 分钟和 1 周的回忆测试中使用的新词的语音准确性。

结果

在最后的学习试验中，孩子们在使用在即时检索条件下学到的新词时在语音上更加准确。然而，学习试验后的回忆测试显示准确性下降，尤其是对于患有 DLD 的儿童。一周后，立即检索条件下单词的准确性远低于混合空格加立即检索条件下单词的准确性。对于在混合空间加即时检索条件下学习的单词，两组的准确性在不同时间都非常稳定。

结论

立即检索可以提高短期内新词的语音准确性，但间隔检索可以促进稳定性并增加维持短期收益的可能性。

启示：当在语音准确性水平评估新词学习时，患有 DLD 的儿童会随着时间的推移表现出下降，而不是具有典型语言发展的儿童的特征。在学习过程中通过立即检索机会增加的间隔检索程序似乎可以防止这种下降，从而导致更持久的收益。