ABSTRACT

The primary aim of this article is to investigate the debates among those radicals who found themselves in exile after the failure of the Polish November Uprising (1830–1831) about whether a new national war was necessary. Instead of dealing with their reflections on warfare, I focus on the political dimension of these debates, and in particular on their ideas about mobilization during wartime. The first part of the article sketches out the general context of these reflections, stressing the deep roots of the debates about ‘citizen-soldiers’ and mass military mobilization. The second part examines the Polish radicals’ sometimes contentious debates during the 1830s, which focused on the reasons for the failure of the November Uprising, the lessons that needed to be learned, and the means by which the peasantry could be included into both military ranks and the political sphere. The principal forum for these discussions was leaflets and articles. The third part concentrates on their disputes during the 1840s. This decade was marked by the particular intensity of these polemics as the radicals confronted, amongst other issues, the question of revolutionary terrorism and mass democracy during the (supposedly impending) war. The article concludes by recapitulating the main features of these debates, and clarifies that there was only a bare thread of continuity between the radicals from the 1830s and 1840s and those who mulled over similar issues in the second part of the 19^th century.

摘要

本文的主要目的是调查那些在波兰十一月起义（1830-1831）失败后被流放的激进分子之间关于是否有必要进行新的民族战争的辩论。我没有处理他们对战争的思考，而是关注这些辩论的政治层面，特别是他们关于战时动员的想法。文章的第一部分勾勒出这些反思的总体背景，强调关于“公民士兵”和大规模军事动员的争论的深层根源。第二部分考察了波兰激进分子在 1830 年代有时会引起争议的辩论，重点是十一月起义失败的原因，需要吸取的教训，以及将农民纳入军衔和政治领域的手段。这些讨论的主要论坛是传单和文章。第三部分集中于他们在 1840 年代的争论。这十年的特点是这些论战的特别激烈，因为激进分子在（据称即将发生的）战争期间面临革命恐怖主义和群众民主问题等问题。文章最后概括了这些辩论的主要特征，并澄清了 1830 年代和 1840 年代的激进分子与那些在 19 第三部分集中于他们在 1840 年代的争论。这十年的特点是这些论战的特别激烈，因为激进分子在（据称即将发生的）战争期间面临革命恐怖主义和群众民主问题等问题。文章最后概括了这些辩论的主要特征，并澄清了 1830 年代和 1840 年代的激进分子与那些在 19 第三部分集中于他们在 1840 年代的争论。这十年的特点是这些论战的特别激烈，因为激进分子在（据称即将发生的）战争期间面临革命恐怖主义和群众民主问题等问题。文章最后概括了这些辩论的主要特征，并澄清了 1830 年代和 1840 年代的激进分子与那些在 19^世纪。