Abstract

The rhizosphere and phyllosphere are the below- and above-ground microbial ecosystems of plants. Interactions between the rhizosphere and phyllosphere shape the plant-microbiome environment, which carries out functions from seedling development to reproductive growth. The microbial community of germinating seeds and associated soil is termed the spermosphere. It represents the numerous microorganisms that, by modulating seed exudates, may impact the establishment of the rhizosphere and phyllosphere. In this review, we first explore the recent understanding of plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere. Then, we outline the roles of the spermosphere in plant growth and stress response. The rhizosphere and phyllosphere offer complex routes for the recruitment of microbes, which ultimately affect the spermosphere. Notably, spermosphere microbial communities impact numerous aspects of seed biology, including seed development, dormancy, germination, storage, and dispersal. Environmental and genetic variables that influence rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and spermosphere interactions are also discussed. Plant health and agricultural production can be significantly improved by understanding rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and spermosphere interactions, and this knowledge can be used to optimize the composition and function of these ‘spheres’.

摘要

根际和叶际是植物的地下和地上微生物生态系统。根际和叶际之间的相互作用塑造了植物-微生物组环境，该环境执行从幼苗发育到生殖生长的功能。发芽的种子和相关土壤的微生物群落被称为精子圈。它代表了众多微生物，通过调节种子分泌物，可能影响根际和叶际的建立。在这篇综述中，我们首先探讨了最近对根际和叶际植物-微生物相互作用的理解。然后，我们概述了精子层在植物生长和应激反应中的作用。根际和叶际为微生物的募集提供了复杂的途径，最终影响到精子层。尤其，精子球微生物群落影响种子生物学的许多方面，包括种子发育、休眠、发芽、储存和传播。还讨论了影响根际、植物圈和精子圈相互作用的环境和遗传变量。通过了解根际、叶际和精子层的相互作用，可以显着改善植物健康和农业生产，并且这些知识可以用来优化这些“球体”的组成和功能。